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Law Development by the International Criminal Court as a Way to Enhance the Protection of Minorities—the Case for Intersectional Consideration of Mass Atrocities
Journal of International Dispute Settlement ( IF 0.982 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-25 , DOI: 10.1093/jnlids/idaa029
Gregor Maučec 1
Affiliation  

Abstract
Mass atrocities almost invariably involve the targeting of racial, ethnic, religious and/or political groups. Other groups, such as homosexuals, have also been vulnerable to targeted destruction. Both experience and international case law demonstrate that atrocity crimes have mostly been inflicted on minorities within minorities. With individuals being targeted on several personal grounds or due to overlapping identities (for example, women and girls belonging to ethnic or religious minorities) there is a strong case for both scholarship and international criminal judiciary to develop an expertise on intersectional discrimination in the context of international crimes that implicate discriminatory intent of a perpetrator. Yet, the International Criminal Court (ICC or Court) has tended to consider atrocities motivated by discrimination on isolated discriminatory grounds and independently from each other. As a prescriptive contribution, the present article challenges this trend by arguing that in more complex criminal cases the protected characteristics need to be considered together with, and not separately from, one another, in order to capture the multi-faceted experiences of mass abuses. Underlying the treatment of the subject matter are thus two basic questions: first, given a full respect for the principle of legality (nullum crimen sine lege), what are the possible avenues for international criminal adjudication to recognize intersectionality so as to overcome conceptual flaws and limitations of single-issue analysis of discrimination in cases involving core international crimes against minorities? For example, can Article 21(3) of the Rome Statute on the interpretation and application of substantive international criminal law in light of international human rights standards serve as a viable tool for the Court to evolve its jurisprudence on this particular issue? Second, how and to what extent should the Court take intersectionality into consideration in the formulation of charges; identification and interpretation of applicable law; determination of criminal sentence; ordering adequate remedies (reparations) for victims; and in considering such aspects as the gravity assessment, or the contextualisation of crimes? Answering these questions, the article shows that by applying, interpreting and, when need be, developing international criminal law in a way that utilizes intersectionality the ICC can make in these areas important jurisprudential contributions with far-reaching socio-legal implications.


中文翻译:

国际刑事法院制定法律以加强对少数群体的保护-以交叉考虑大规模暴行为例

摘要
大规模暴行几乎总是以种族,族裔,宗教和/或政治团体为目标。其他群体,例如同性恋者,也容易受到有针对性的破坏。经验和国际判例法都表明,暴行罪主要是针对少数群体中的少数群体实施的。由于个人基于多种个人理由或身份重叠(例如,属于少数民族或宗教少数群体的妇女和女孩)而成为目标,因此有充分的理由要求奖学金和国际刑事司法部门在以下情况下发展关于交叉歧视的专门知识:暗示犯罪者具有歧视意图的国际罪行。然而,国际刑事法院(ICC或法院)倾向于考虑由于孤立的歧视性理由而相互独立地歧视造成的暴行。作为一项说明性的贡献,本文章通过争辩这一趋势,认为在更复杂的刑事案件中,受保护的特性需要与其他特性一起考虑,而不是彼此分开,以便捕捉大规模滥用的多方面经历。因此,对该主题的处理有两个基本问题:首先,在充分尊重合法性原则的前提下(罪名无效),国际刑事裁决承认交叉性,以克服涉及核心国际少数群体罪行的案件的单项歧视分析的概念缺陷和局限性,有哪些可能的途径?例如,《罗马规约》关于根据国际人权标准解释和适用实体国际刑法的第21条第3款是否可以作为法院在这一特定问题上发展其判例的可行工具?第二,法院在制定指控时应如何以及在何种程度上考虑交叉性;识别和解释适用法律;刑事判决的确定;下令对受害者采取适当的补救措施(赔偿);在考虑重力评估等方面时,或犯罪的情境化?文章回答了这些问题,表明通过运用,解释和在必要时发展国际刑法,利用交叉性,国际刑事法院可以在这些领域做出重要的法学贡献,对社会法律产生深远的影响。
更新日期:2021-01-25
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