Osteoporosis disease is caused by hormonal changes, vitamin D, and calcium deficiency. With current technologies, the identification of osteoporosis requires many tests with the support of medications. Bone mineral density is a typical measure implemented using a DEXA scan which can be very costly. Such high technology equipment is usually not accessible for remote people, and thus a low-cost screening system is very appealing. This article proposes an osteoporosis prediction system that effectively determines its possibility of occurrence based on essential factors such as smoking habits and calcium level so that the people at high risk can be referred to access the DEXA scanner. Our proposed system is implemented by an improved version of the artificial immune system, enabling care providers to take precautionary measures at the right time to avoid the early development of osteoporosis. The experiments demonstrated a promising result of 94% prediction accuracy that proved its usefulness in identifying people with potential osteoporosis in the future.

中文翻译：

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预测骨质疏松症的主动模型：人工免疫系统方法

骨质疏松症是由荷尔蒙变化、维生素 D 和缺钙引起的。使用目前的技术，骨质疏松症的识别需要在药物的支持下进行许多测试。骨矿物质密度是使用 DEXA 扫描实施的典型测量方法，其成本可能非常高。偏远地区的人通常无法使用这种高科技设备，因此低成本的筛查系统非常有吸引力。本文提出了一种骨质疏松症预测系统，该系统根据吸烟习惯和钙水平等基本因素有效地确定其发生的可能性，以便高危人群可以被推荐使用 DEXA 扫描仪。我们提出的系统是由人工免疫系统的改进版本实现的，使护理人员能够在正确的时间采取预防措施，以避免骨质疏松症的早期发展。实验证明了 94% 的预测准确率的有希望的结果，证明了它在识别未来可能患有骨质疏松症的人方面的有用性。