Vertical migration is a geographically and taxonomically widespread behaviour among zooplankton that spans across diel and seasonal timescales. The shorter-term diel vertical migration (DVM) has a periodicity of up to 1 day and was first described by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1817. In 1888, the German marine biologist Carl Chun described the longer-term seasonal vertical migration (SVM), which has a periodicity of ca. 1 year. The proximate control and adaptive significance of DVM have been extensively studied and are well understood. DVM is generally a behaviour controlled by ambient irradiance, which allows herbivorous zooplankton to feed in food-rich shallower waters during the night when light-dependent (visual) predation risk is minimal and take refuge in deeper, darker waters during daytime. However, DVMs of herbivorous zooplankton are followed by their predators, producing complex predator–prey patterns that may be traced across multiple trophic levels. In contrast to DVM, SVM research is relatively young and its causes and consequences are less well understood. During periods of seasonal environmental deterioration, SVM allows zooplankton to evacuate shallower waters seasonally and take refuge in deeper waters often in a state of dormancy. Both DVM and SVM play a significant role in the vertical transport of organic carbon to deeper waters (biological carbon sequestration), and hence in the buffering of global climate change. Although many animal migrations are expected to change under future climate scenarios, little is known about the potential implications of global climate change on zooplankton vertical migrations and its impact on the biological carbon sequestration process. Further, the combined influence of DVM and SVM in determining zooplankton fitness and maintenance of their horizontal (geographic) distributions is not well understood. The contrasting spatial (deep versus shallow) and temporal (diel versus seasonal) scales over which these two migrations occur lead to challenges in studying them at higher spatial, temporal and biological resolution and coverage. Extending the largely population-based vertical migration knowledge base to individual-based studies will be an important way forward. While tracking individual zooplankton in their natural habitats remains a major challenge, conducting trophic-scale, high-resolution, year-round studies that utilise emerging field sampling and observation techniques, molecular genetic tools and computational hardware and software will be the best solution to improve our understanding of zooplankton vertical migrations.

中文翻译：

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两百年浮游动物垂直迁移研究

垂直迁移是一种在地理和分类学上广泛存在的浮游动物行为，跨越昼夜和季节性时间尺度。短期内垂直迁移（DVM）的周期长达 1 天，1817 年由法国博物学家 Georges Cuvier 首次描述。1888 年，德国海洋生物学家 Carl Chun 描述了长期季节性垂直迁移（SVM） )，其周期为ca. 1年。DVM 的近似控制和自适应意义已被广泛研究并被很好地理解。DVM 通常是一种受环境辐照度控制的行为，它允许草食性浮游动物在夜间觅食富含食物的浅水区，此时光依赖（视觉）捕食风险最小，并在白天在更深、更暗的水域中避难。然而，食草浮游动物的 DVM 被它们的捕食者跟踪，产生复杂的捕食者 - 猎物模式，可以在多个营养级别进行追踪。与 DVM 相比，SVM 研究相对较年轻，其原因和后果还不太清楚。在季节性环境恶化期间，SVM 允许浮游动物季节性地从较浅的水域撤离，并经常处于休眠状态到较深的水域避难。DVM 和 SVM 在将有机碳垂直输送到更深的水域（生物碳封存）以及缓冲全球气候变化方面都发挥着重要作用。尽管在未来的气候情景下，许多动物迁徙预计会发生变化，但人们对全球气候变化对浮游动物垂直迁徙的潜在影响及其对生物碳固存过程的影响知之甚少。此外，DVM 和 SVM 在确定浮游动物适应度和维持其水平（地理）分布方面的综合影响尚不清楚。对比空间（深 尽管在未来的气候情景下，许多动物迁徙预计会发生变化，但人们对全球气候变化对浮游动物垂直迁徙的潜在影响及其对生物碳固存过程的影响知之甚少。此外，DVM 和 SVM 在确定浮游动物适应度和维持其水平（地理）分布方面的综合影响尚不清楚。对比空间（深 尽管在未来的气候情景下，许多动物迁徙预计会发生变化，但人们对全球气候变化对浮游动物垂直迁徙的潜在影响及其对生物碳固存过程的影响知之甚少。此外，DVM 和 SVM 在确定浮游动物适应度和维持其水平（地理）分布方面的综合影响尚不清楚。对比空间（深与浅）和时间（昼夜与季节性）尺度，这两种迁移发生在更高的空间、时间和生物分辨率和覆盖范围内，导致研究它们的挑战。将主要基于人口的垂直迁移知识库扩展到基于个人的研究将是一个重要的前进方向。虽然追踪自然栖息地中的个体浮游动物仍然是一项重大挑战，但利用新兴的实地采样和观察技术、分子遗传工具和计算硬件和软件进行营养规模、高分辨率、全年研究将是改善的最佳解决方案。我们对浮游动物垂直迁移的理解。