The Gonghe Basin on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has a cold, arid climate and has suffered severe land degradation. Climate change as well as anthropogenic activities including overgrazing have resulted in widespread blowout development and the formation of some of Earth's largest blowouts. The blowouts are part of an aeolian dominated landscape that passes from deflation zone to grass covered plain, and then through blowouts of increasing size and complexity to transverse barchanoid dunes that are migrating into the valley of the Yellow River. A combination of structure-from-motion (SfM) optical drone mapping, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and soil pits are used to investigate blowout scour hollows and depositional lobes. Comparisons of the volumes of sediment removed from the scour hollows with the volumes of sediment deposited within adjacent lobes varies between sites. The lobe volume is invariably less than the volume of the scour hollow. This can, in part, be attributed to aeolian reworking of the lobe, distributing sand further downwind and uplifting of dust. However, much of the difference in volumes between the scour and lobe can be attributed to the measurement technique, particularly where GPR was employed to calculate lobe volumes. The wavelength of the GPR limits its ability to resolve thin layers of sand resulting in an underestimate of the deposited sand at the margins of a lobe where the sand thickness is equal to, or less than, the wavelength of the GPR. For thin sand layers, beneath the resolution of the GPR, soil pits suggest a closer match between the volume of sand eroded from the scour and the volume of the lobe, albeit with large measurement uncertainty. We put forth two hypotheses to explain the spatio-temporal evolution of the blowout dune field. The downwind increase in blowout dune size could either reflect a downwind propagation of aeolian instability; or it could result from an upwind propagation of the instability, which started at the highest points in the landscape and has subsequently migrated in a northwesterly direction, towards lower elevations. Recent optically stimulated luminescence dating appear to support the latter hypothesis.

中文翻译：

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井喷形态和质量平衡

青藏高原的共和盆地气候寒冷干旱，土地退化严重。气候变化以及包括过度放牧在内的人为活动导致井喷的广泛发展，并形成了一些地球上最大的井喷。井喷是风沙为主的景观的一部分，从放气区流向草覆盖的平原，然后穿过井喷，井喷的大小和复杂性不断增加，并迁移到横河的沙丘状沙丘，这些沙丘正迁移到黄河谷。从运动结构（SfM）光学无人机测绘，探地雷达（GPR）和土坑的组合用于研究井喷冲刷空洞和沉积波瓣。从冲刷空洞中去除的泥沙量与沉积在相邻裂片中的泥沙量的比较在不同地点之间有所不同。凸角的体积总是小于冲孔空心的体积。这可能部分归因于叶片的风沙重修，进一步向顺风方向分布沙土和扬尘。但是，冲刷和波瓣之间的体积差异大部分可以归因于测量技术，尤其是在采用GPR来计算波瓣体积的情况下。GPR的波长限制了其分辨薄沙层的能力，从而导致在叶厚等于或小于GPR波长的波瓣边缘低估了沉积的沙粒。对于薄砂层，低于GPR的分辨率，尽管有很大的测量不确定性，但土壤坑表明冲刷侵蚀的沙子量与叶的量之间更接近匹配。我们提出了两个假设来解释井喷沙丘场的时空演变。顺风口沙丘尺寸的增加可能反映了顺风传播的不稳定性。或它可能是由于不稳定性的逆风传播所致，这种不稳定性始于景观的最高点，随后沿西北方向向低海​​拔方向迁移。最近的光学激发发光测年似乎支持后一种假设。我们提出了两个假设来解释井喷沙丘场的时空演变。顺风口沙丘尺寸的增加可能反映了顺风传播的不稳定性。或它可能是由于不稳定性的逆风传播所致，这种不稳定性始于景观的最高点，随后沿西北方向向低海​​拔方向迁移。最近的光学激发发光测年似乎支持后一种假设。我们提出了两个假设来解释井喷沙丘场的时空演变。顺风口沙丘尺寸的增加可能反映了顺风传播的不稳定性。或它可能是由于不稳定性的逆风传播所致，这种不稳定性始于景观的最高点，随后沿西北方向向低海​​拔方向迁移。最近的光学激发发光测年似乎支持后一种假设。