Malaria parasites are obligate intracellular pathogens that live in human red blood cells harbored by a parasitophorous vacuole. The parasites need to exit from the red blood cell to continue life-cycle progression and ensure human-to-mosquito transmission. Two types of blood stages are able to lyse the enveloping red blood cell to mediate egress, the merozoites and the gametocytes. The intraerythrocytic parasites exit the red blood cell via an inside-out mode during which the membrane of the parasitophorous vacuole ruptures prior to the red blood cell membrane. Membrane rupture is initiated by the exocytosis of specialized secretory vesicles following the perception of egress triggers. The molecular mechanisms of red blood cell egress have particularly been studied in malaria gametocytes. Upon activation by external factors, gametocytes successively discharge at least two types of vesicles, the osmiophilic bodies needed to rupture the parasitophorous vacuole membrane and recently identified egress vesicles that are important for the perforation of the erythrocyte membrane. In recent years, important components of the signaling cascades leading to red blood cell egress have been investigated and several proteins of the osmiophilic bodies have been identified. We here report on the newest findings on the egress of gametocytes from the red blood cell. We further focus on the content and function of the egress-related vesicles and discuss the molecular machinery that might drive vesicle discharge.

疟疾寄生虫是专性细胞内病原体，它们生活在由寄生液泡所包含的人类红细胞中。寄生虫需要退出红细胞以继续生命周期进程并确保人与蚊子之间的传播。两种类型的血液阶段能够裂解包裹的红细胞以介导流出，即裂殖子和配子体。红细胞内寄生虫通过由内向外的模式离开红细胞，在此模式下，寄生液泡的膜在红细胞膜之前破裂。膜破裂是由特异的分泌囊泡在感知到出口触发后的胞吐作用开始的。尤其在疟疾配子细胞中研究了红细胞流出的分子机制。被外界因素激活后，配子体相继排出至少两种类型的囊泡，即破坏寄生液泡膜所需的嗜锇体和最近发现的对红细胞膜穿孔很重要的排出囊泡。近年来，已经研究了导致红细胞流出的信号级联的重要组成部分，并且已经鉴定了几种嗜锇体的蛋白质。我们在此报告关于配子细胞从红细胞流出的最新发现。我们进一步关注出口相关囊泡的内容和功能，并讨论可能驱动囊泡排放的分子机制。嗜锇体需要破裂寄生液泡膜，最近发现了对红细胞膜穿孔很重要的出口囊泡。近年来，已经研究了导致红细胞流出的信号级联的重要组成部分，并且已经鉴定了几种嗜锇体的蛋白质。我们在此报告关于配子细胞从红细胞流出的最新发现。我们进一步关注出口相关囊泡的内容和功能，并讨论可能驱动囊泡排放的分子机制。嗜锇体需要破裂寄生液泡膜，最近发现了对红细胞膜穿孔很重要的出口囊泡。近年来，已经研究了导致红细胞流出的信号级联的重要组成部分，并且已经鉴定了几种嗜锇体的蛋白质。我们在此报告关于配子细胞从红细胞流出的最新发现。我们进一步关注出口相关囊泡的内容和功能，并讨论可能驱动囊泡排放的分子机制。我们在此报告关于配子细胞从红细胞流出的最新发现。我们进一步关注出口相关囊泡的内容和功能，并讨论可能驱动囊泡排放的分子机制。我们在此报告关于配子细胞从红细胞流出的最新发现。我们进一步关注出口相关囊泡的内容和功能，并讨论可能驱动囊泡排放的分子机制。