Recent empirical literature pays increasing attention to farmer-retail power relations in agricultural supply chains, yet seems to neglect potential differences between prices that primary producers receive for their products. Via both a Markov chain analysis and a hybrid panel data model, we empirically test whether primary producers receive prices in a consistent way and what explains any price differences. Using a unique data set containing individual farm-specific output prices in various horticultural markets, we show substantial price dispersion across farms and reveal relations between farm characteristics and observed output prices. The Markov analysis shows that the same farms are constantly found in the higher and lower quartiles of the price distribution, implying prices are not distributed randomly. The results of the hybrid panel data model show that characteristics as farm size and production orientation are strongly associated with differences in the obtained output prices as well as the price/cost ratio between farms. [EconLit Citations: D22, D40, L11, Q13].

中文翻译：

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解释荷兰园艺的产出价格异质性

最近的实证文献越来越关注农业供应链中的农民-零售权力关系，但似乎忽略了初级生产者为其产品获得的价格之间的潜在差异。通过马尔可夫链分析和混合面板数据模型，我们实证检验了初级生产者是否以一致的方式接收价格以及是什么解释了任何价格差异。使用包含各种园艺市场中单个农场特定产出价格的独特数据集，我们展示了农场之间的巨大价格差异，并揭示了农场特征与观察到的产出价格之间的关系。马尔可夫分析表明，在价格分布的高四分位数和低四分位数中不断发现相同的农场，这意味着价格不是随机分布的。混合面板数据模型的结果表明，农场规模和生产方向等特征与获得的产出价格的差异以及农场之间的价格/成本比密切相关。[EconLit 引文：D22、D40、L11、Q13]。