The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), is a cosmopolitan insect pest that infests a wide range of milled cereal flours. In this study, the main and interactive effects of geographic origin and food type on the biological response of T. castaneum, and its susceptibility to the fumigant toxicity of sub-lethal concentrations of Dennettia tripetala (G Baker) (Annonaceae) extract were investigated. The Nigeria and America (USA) strains of T. castaneum, used in this study, were maintained on corn (= maize) and wheat flours for four generations. This study was done under ambient laboratory conditions (23–35 °C and 65–85% r.h.). Irrespective of the food type, the larval, pupal, and adult stages were generally bigger in the America strain than in the Nigeria strain. The interaction of strain with food significantly affected the larval weight of T. castaneum. The larval periods and total developmental periods were significantly higher in both strains reared on corn than on wheat flour. However, only the food type significantly affected the pupal developmental periods. The insecticide susceptibility of larvae and adults of T. castaneum to D. tripetala extract was significantly higher in the strain from America than in the strain from Nigeria. Also, there were significant effects of food type and experimental concentration on the response of larvae and adults to D. tripetala extract. The extract was more toxic to adults than to larvae. Various results obtained in this study could provide data that are needed for the development of accurate phenology models for T. castaneum in Nigeria. Our study also underscores the significance of geographical strain and food type when managing T. castaneum with a plant-based insecticide.

中文翻译：

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菌株和食物类型之间的相互作用影响赤藓的生物学参数及其对马齿苋提取物的敏感性

红色面粉甲虫Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)（鞘翅目：Tenebrionidae）是一种全球性害虫，会侵染各种磨碎的谷物面粉。在这项研究中，研究了地理来源和食物类型对T. castaneum生物反应的主要和交互影响，以及其对亚致死浓度的丹尼特(G Baker) (番荔枝科) 提取物的熏蒸毒性的敏感性。T. castaneum的尼日利亚和美国（美国）品系本研究中使用的 ，在玉米（= 玉米）和小麦粉上保存了四代。本研究是在环境实验室条件（23-35 °C 和 65-85% 相对湿度）下进行的。不考虑食物类型，美洲品系的幼虫、蛹和成虫阶段通常比尼日利亚品系大。菌株与食物的相互作用显着影响了T. castaneum的幼虫重量。用玉米培育的两种菌株的幼虫期和总发育期都显着高于用小麦粉培育的菌株。然而，只有食物类型对蛹的发育期有显着影响。T. castaneum的幼虫和成虫对D. tripetala的杀虫剂敏感性来自美国的菌株的提取物显着高于来自尼日利亚的菌株。此外，食物类型和实验浓度对幼虫和成虫对三叶树提取物的反应有显着影响。该提取物对成虫的毒性大于对幼虫的毒性。本研究中获得的各种结果可为开发尼日利亚T. castaneum的准确物候模型提供所需的数据。我们的研究还强调了在用植物性杀虫剂管理T. castaneum时地理菌株和食物类型的重要性。