Tissue-on-chip systems represent promising platforms for monitoring and controlling tissue functions in vitro for various purposes in biomedical research. The two-dimensional (2D) layouts of these constructs constrain the types of interactions that can be studied and limit their relevance to three-dimensional (3D) tissues. The development of 3D electronic scaffolds and microphysiological devices with geometries and functions tailored to realistic 3D tissues has the potential to create important possibilities in advanced sensing and control. This study presents classes of compliant 3D frameworks that incorporate microscale strain sensors for high-sensitivity measurements of contractile forces of engineered optogenetic muscle tissue rings, supported by quantitative simulations. Compared with traditional approaches based on optical microscopy, these 3D mechanical frameworks and sensing systems can measure not only motions but also contractile forces with high accuracy and high temporal resolution. Results of active tension force measurements of engineered muscle rings under different stimulation conditions in long-term monitoring settings for over 5 wk and in response to various chemical and drug doses demonstrate the utility of such platforms in sensing and modulation of muscle and other tissues. Possibilities for applications range from drug screening and disease modeling to biohybrid robotic engineering.

芯片上的组织系统代表了用于监测和控制体外组织功能的有前途的平台，用于生物医学研究的各种目的。这些构造的二维 (2D) 布局限制了可以研究的相互作用类型，并限制了它们与三维 (3D) 组织的相关性。具有适合真实 3D 组织的几何形状和功能的 3D 电子支架和微生理设备的开发有可能在高级传感和控制中创造重要的可能性。这项研究提出了几类兼容的 3D 框架，这些框架结合了微型应变传感器，用于对工程光遗传肌肉组织环的收缩力进行高灵敏度测量，并得到定量模拟的支持。与基于光学显微镜的传统方法相比，这些 3D 机械框架和传感系统不仅可以测量运动，还可以高精度和高时间分辨率测量收缩力。在超过 5 周的长期监测环境中以及响应各种化学和药物剂量的不同刺激条件下，工程肌肉环的主动张力测量结果证明了此类平台在肌肉和其他组织的传感和调节中的效用。应用的可能性范围从药物筛选和疾病建模到生物混合机器人工程。在超过 5 周的长期监测环境中以及响应各种化学和药物剂量的不同刺激条件下，工程肌肉环的主动张力测量结果证明了此类平台在肌肉和其他组织的传感和调节中的效用。应用的可能性范围从药物筛选和疾病建模到生物混合机器人工程。在超过 5 周的长期监测环境中以及响应各种化学和药物剂量的不同刺激条件下，工程肌肉环的主动张力测量结果证明了此类平台在肌肉和其他组织的传感和调节中的效用。应用的可能性范围从药物筛选和疾病建模到生物混合机器人工程。