Land uses affect flood risks in various ways. The comparative analysis of the historical and current land cover/uses helps to better understand changing flood regimes. Based on historical cadastre maps from 1826-1859, the land cover/uses in the Austrian catchments of the rivers Rhine, Salzach and Drava were reconstructed to almost the level of exact plots of land. Catchment-wide analysis reveals a six-fold expansion of settlement areas, a decline of arable land by 69 % and a shrinking of the formerly glaciated areas by 73 % until 2016. In the Alpine fluvial corridors, i.e. flood-prone areas at the valley floors and valley sides at ca. 300-year floods, settlements even expanded 7.5-fold, severely increasing the potential for flood damages. At the same time, the overall channel area of running waters has been reduced by one third and 95 % the formerly large wetlands have been lost. Overall, the fluvial corridors were truncated by 203 km² or 14 %, thereby reducing flood retention capacity. The concentration of intensive forms of human land uses at lower altitudes, coupled with an upward shift of less intensively used, near-natural forms of land cover, has led to a both spatial and vertical separation of Alpine landscape features over the long term. Warmer temperatures due to climate change are expected to promote the demonstrated upward shifts of Alpine vegetation.

中文翻译：

---

工业时代的土地利用和覆盖变化：三个高山河流集水区和河流走廊的空间分析

土地使用以各种方式影响洪水风险。对历史和当前土地覆被/用途的比较分析有助于更好地了解不断变化的洪水状况。根据1826-1859年的历史地籍图，将莱茵河，萨尔察赫河（Salzach）和德拉瓦河（Dava）的奥地利集水区的土地覆盖/用途重建到几乎精确的土地面积。整个集水区的分析表明，到2016年，定居面积扩大了六倍，耕地面积减少了69％，原冰川地区的面积减少了73％。底部和山谷两侧约。300年的洪灾，定居点甚至扩大了7.5倍，严重增加了遭受洪灾破坏的可能性。同时，自来水的总通道面积减少了三分之一，而以前大的湿地已经减少了95％。总体而言，河流走廊被截断了203km²或14％，从而降低了防洪能力。从长远来看，集约形式的人类土地利用集中在较低的海拔，再加上集约化程度较低的，近乎自然的土地覆被向上转移，导致了高山景观特征的空间和垂直分隔。预计由于气候变化而导致的温度升高将促进高山植被的已证明向上移动。从长远来看，再加上较少使用的近乎自然的土地覆被形式的上升，已导致阿尔卑斯山景观特征在空间和垂直上都发生了分离。预计由于气候变化而变暖的温度将促进高山植被的已证明向上移动。从长远来看，加上较少使用的，接近自然的土地覆被形式的上升，导致了阿尔卑斯山景观特征的空间和垂直分隔。预计由于气候变化而变暖的温度将促进高山植被的已证明向上移动。