Fluorescence nanoscopy provides imaging techniques that overcome the diffraction-limited resolution barrier in light microscopy, thereby opening up a new area of research in biomedical imaging in fields such as neuroscience. Here, we review the foremost fluorescence nanoscopy techniques, including descriptions of their applications in elucidating protein architectures and mobility, the real-time determination of synaptic parameters involved in neural processes, three-dimensional imaging, and the tracking of nanoscale neural activity. We conclude by discussing the prospects of fluorescence nanoscopy, with a particular focus on its deployment in combination with related techniques (e.g., machine learning) in neuroscience.

荧光纳米技术提供了克服光学显微镜中衍射极限分辨率障碍的成像技术，从而在神经科学等领域开辟了生物医学成像研究的新领域。在这里，我们回顾了最重要的荧光纳米技术，包括描述它们在阐明蛋白质结构和流动性、神经过程中涉及的突触参数的实时测定、三维成像和纳米级神经活动的跟踪方面的应用。最后，我们讨论了荧光纳米镜的前景，特别关注其在神经科学中与相关技术（例如机器学习）相结合的部署。