Carbohydrates play an important role in the life cycle. Among them, functional oligosaccharides show a complex and diverse structures with unique physiological activities and biological functions. However, different preparation methods directly affect the structure, molecular weight, and other functions of oligosaccharides, as well as their application fields and manufacturing costs. In the preparation of β-1,3-glucan oligosaccharides (OBGs), water insolubility of β-1,3-glucans hampers the hydrolysis efficiency. The synthesis of some functional oligosaccharides requires the consumption of energy substrates, such as ATP, CTP, and uridine triphosphate, for sugar nucleotide synthesis, leading to increased capital costs. A more economical solution to solve energy supply is to adopt microbial cocultivation or cellular nucleoside triphosphate regeneration. This review focused on the sources, preparation methods, biological activities of OBG, and the cultivation methods and applications of microbial cocultivation and fermentation. We also reviewed the preparation methods of other functional oligosaccharides, such as sialylated oligosaccharides, β-nicotinamide mononucleotide, and α-galacto-oligosaccharides.

碳水化合物在生命周期中起着重要作用。其中，功能性低聚糖结构复杂多样，具有独特的生理活性和生物学功能。然而，不同的制备方法直接影响低聚糖的结构、分子量等功能，以及其应用领域和制造成本。在 β-1,3-葡聚糖寡糖 (OBG) 的制备中，β-1,3-葡聚糖的水不溶性阻碍了水解效率。一些功能性寡糖的合成需要消耗能量底物，如ATP、CTP和三磷酸尿苷，用于糖核苷酸的合成，导致资本成本增加。更经济的解决能源供应的办法是采用微生物共培养或细胞三磷酸核苷再生。本综述重点介绍了OBG的来源、制备方法、生物活性以及微生物共培养发酵的培养方法和应用。我们还回顾了其他功能性低聚糖的制备方法，如唾液酸化低聚糖、β-烟酰胺单核苷酸和α-低聚半乳糖。