Development of new wheat cultivars combining good local adaptation, disease resistance and grain quality represents an important strategy component for national food security. Uzbekistan was identified by N. Vavilov as important center of wheat diversity. An inventory of landraces was conducted in 2010–2013 in western Tien-Shan Mountains to survey, collect, and characterize old wheats still grown by farmers. Thirty landraces were collected from 17 villages in Jizzakh, Kashkadarya and Surkhandarya Regions. The material went through spike selection, head-rows, un-replicated trials in Tashkent, Uzbekistan (2012–2015), and replicated trials in Konya, Turkey (2018–2019). Landrace diversity was described using spike morphological traits and DNA profiles as reflected by single nucleotide polymorphism. A socioeconomic survey demonstrated that wheat landraces are grown in remote mountain communities by subsistence farmers despite having access to modern cultivars, and both are frequently grown together. The main reasons for the maintenance of landraces are: (1) large grain with excellent bread-making quality and suitability for home-baking; (2) specific adaptations allowing stable and reliable yield; and (3) straw yield and quality. Similar genomic profiles shared by some landraces from remote regions of Uzbekistan and neighboring Tajikistan demonstrated their common origin and are indicative of seed exchange between farmers. Agronomic characterization demonstrated the resilient nature of their adaptation based on spring and facultative growth habit and superiority of some landraces for grain yield and its components compared to local checks. Viable options for maintaining and expanding on-farm wheat diversity include their improvement through selection and breeding, market development, variable incentives, and capacity building. For the first time, this paper presents results of a unique 10-year study in Uzbekistan on social conditions in the areas where wheat landraces are grown, analyses the diversity of these landraces, evaluates agronomic characteristics, and discusses the sustainability options for on-farm wheat landraces use and conservation.

结合良好的当地适应性，抗病性和谷物品质的新小麦品种的开发是国家粮食安全的重要战略组成部分。瓦兹洛夫（N. Vavilov）将乌兹别克斯坦确定为重要的小麦多样性中心。在2010年至2013年间，对天山西部地区的地方品种进行了清点，以调查，收集和表征仍由农民种植的旧小麦。从Jizzakh，Kashkadarya和Surkhandarya地区的17个村庄收集了30个地方品种。该材料经过了穗选择，头行，在乌兹别克斯坦塔什干的无重复试验（2012-2015年）和在土耳其科尼亚的重复试验（2018-2019年）。利用尖峰形态特征和DNA概况描述了地方品种的多样性，如单核苷酸多态性所反映的。一项社会经济调查表明，尽管能够获得现代品种，但自给自足的农民在偏远的山区社区种植了小麦地方品种，而且两者经常一起种植。维持地方品种的主要原因是：（1）大谷物，具有优良的制面包质量，适合家庭烘焙；（2）特定的适应措施，可稳定稳定地获得产量；（3）秸秆的产量和品质。乌兹别克斯坦和邻国塔吉克斯坦偏远地区的一些地方品种共有相似的基因组图谱，证明了它们的共同起源，并表明了农民之间的种子交换。农艺学特征表明，根据春季和兼性生长习性以及某些地方品种对谷物产量及其组成成分的优越性，与当地对照相比，它们适应性强。维持和扩大农用小麦多样性的可行选择包括通过选择和育种，市场开发，可变激励措施和能力建设来改善它们。本文首次介绍了在乌兹别克斯坦进行的一项为期十年的独特研究的结果，该研究针对小麦地方品种生长地区的社会条件，分析了这些地方品种的多样性，评估了农艺学特征，并讨论了农场的可持续性选择小麦地方品种的使用和保护。