This study shows that occupations in South Africa are segregated and stratified by gender. While some women (mostly Black and “Coloured”) overwhelmingly fill low-paying jobs, others (mostly White and Indian/Asian, but also Coloured) tend to fill higher-paying professional positions. This paper finds evidence of a long-term reduction in gender segregation and stratification, with women and men entering occupations previously dominated by the other gender, although this trend is sensitive to several data considerations. Most recent evidence, however, points to stagnation in this process. Distinct worker characteristics by gender – including education, location, or age – cannot explain the existing segregation or women's overrepresentation in low-paying jobs, compared with men's representation. They do partially explain the overrepresentation of women in some higher-paying positions and the declining stratification of the labor market by gender. Education is the primary driver for upward mobility for women and gender equality in the South African labor market. Note: This study follows the current South African government’s usage of the racial category “Coloured,” with the caveat that the term is not in acceptable use outside South Africa.

HIGHLIGHTS

• Gendered occupations and pay gaps in South Africa have not been adequately studied.

• Black women suffer double labor segregation in South Africa, by gender and by race.

• Post-apartheid progress in reducing labor segregation has been faster by gender than by race.

• Improved education offers women a route to better-paid professional occupations

• Although women now access better jobs, managerial positions remain disproportionately male.

这项研究表明，南非的职业是按性别进行隔离和分层的。虽然一些女性（主要是黑人和“有色人种”）绝大多数填补了低薪工作，但其他女性（主要是白人和印度/亚洲人，但也有有色人种）倾向于填补薪水较高的专业职位。本文发现了性别隔离和分层长期减少的证据，女性和男性进入以前由其他性别主导的职业，尽管这种趋势对几个数据考虑因素很敏感。然而，最近的证据表明这一过程停滞不前。与男性的代表性相比，不同性别的工人特征——包括教育、地点或年龄——无法解释现有的隔离或女性在低薪工作中的比例过高。它们确实部分解释了女性在一些高薪职位上的比例过高以及劳动力市场按性别划分的分层下降的原因。教育是南非劳动力市场中女性向上流动和性别平等的主要驱动力。注意：本研究遵循当前南非政府对“有色人种”种族类别的使用，但需要注意的是，该术语在南非以外的地区不被接受。

强调

• 南非的性别职业和薪酬差距尚未得到充分研究。

• 在南非，黑人妇女遭受着性别和种族双重劳动隔离。

• 种族隔离后在减少劳动力隔离方面的进展速度比种族更快。

• 改善的教育为女性提供了一条通往收入更高的专业职业的途径

• 尽管女性现在可以获得更好的工作，但管理职位仍然不成比例地由男性担任。