Hybrid membranes consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and electrochemically-fabricated graphene were prepared via phase inversion technique. The important parameters in manufacturing unfilled PVDF membranes including polymer concentration and content of additives were initially assessed. The effects of adding graphene to the PVDF membrane on its performance for desalination of a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution were then investigated using an air gap membrane distillation setup. The simultaneous effects of three individual parameters in membrane preparation including ethanol concentration in the coagulation bath, the coagulation bath temperature, and graphene content on membrane characteristics such as contact angle, porosity, and permeation flux were investigated. By increasing ethanol concentration in the coagulation bath and graphene content in the polymeric solution, the contact angle and thus hydrophobicity of the membrane were increased. Also, by increasing graphene content up to 0.5 wt%, the membrane permeation flux was increased while further increase in the graphene content resulted in decrease in the permeation flux. It was found that coagulation bath temperature has the highest effect on the membrane porosity. The parameters for manufacturing optimum membrane were determined by experimental design. The optimum membrane could yield a permeation flux of 3.54 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ and a salt rejection of 99.88%, which are in good agreement with the predicted results. The performance of optimized membrane was superior to those by PVDF and GO/PVDF membranes reported previously in literature.

通过相转化技术制备了由聚偏二氟乙烯（PVDF）和电化学制备的石墨烯组成的杂化膜。最初评估了制造未填充PVDF膜的重要参数，包括聚合物浓度和添加剂含量。然后使用气隙膜蒸馏装置研究了向PVDF膜中添加石墨烯对其3.5％（重量）NaCl溶液脱盐性能的影响。研究了膜制备中三个参数的同时影响，包括凝固浴中的乙醇浓度，凝固浴温度和石墨烯含量对膜特性（如接触角，孔隙率和渗透通量）的影响。通过增加凝固浴中的乙醇浓度和聚合物溶液中的石墨烯含量，可以增加膜的接触角，从而提高疏水性。另外，通过将石墨烯含量增加至高达0.5wt％，膜渗透通量增加，而石墨烯含量的进一步增加导致渗透通量降低。已经发现，凝固浴温度对膜的孔隙率具有最高的影响。通过实验设计确定用于制造最佳膜的参数。最佳的膜可以产生3.54 kg m的渗透通量 膜渗透通量增加，而石墨烯含量的进一步增加导致渗透通量降低。已经发现，凝固浴温度对膜的孔隙率具有最高的影响。通过实验设计确定用于制造最佳膜的参数。最佳的膜可以产生3.54 kg m的渗透通量 膜渗透通量增加，而石墨烯含量的进一步增加导致渗透通量降低。已经发现，凝固浴温度对膜的孔隙率具有最高的影响。通过实验设计确定用于制造最佳膜的参数。最佳的膜可以产生3.54 kg m的渗透通量^-2  h ^-1和99.88％的脱盐率，与预测结果非常吻合。优化的膜的性能优于先前文献中报道的PVDF和GO / PVDF膜。