Obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is associated with chronic-low-grade inflammation and metabolic morbidities. Energy-dense diets and a sedentary lifestyle are determinants of obesity. The gut microbiome is a novel biological factor involved in obesity via interactions with the host and the diet. The gut microbiome act as a synergistic force protecting or aggravating the effects of the diet on the metabolic phenotype. The role of the microbiome in the regulation of intestinal and systemic immunity is one of the mechanisms by which it contributes to the host's response to the diet and to the pathophysiology of diet-induced obesity. Here, we review the mechanisms whereby “obesogenic” diets and the microbiome impact immunity, locally and systemically, focusing on the consequences in the gut–adipose tissue axis. We also review the structural and microbial metabolites that influence immunity and how advances in this field could help design microbiome-informed strategies to tackle obesity-related disorders more effectively.

肥胖已达到流行程度，并与慢性低度炎症和代谢疾病有关。高能量饮食和久坐不动的生活方式是肥胖的决定因素。肠道微生物组是一种通过与宿主和饮食相互作用而参与肥胖的新型生物因素。肠道微生物组作为一种协同力量，保护或加重饮食对代谢表型的影响。微生物组在调节肠道和全身免疫中的作用是其促成宿主对饮食的反应和饮食引起的肥胖的病理生理学的机制之一。在这里，我们回顾了“致肥胖”饮食和微生物组在局部和全身影响免疫的机制，重点关注肠道 - 脂肪组织轴的后果。