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Integrating a GIS-Based Multi-Influence Factors Model with Hydro-Geophysical Exploration for Groundwater Potential and Hydrogeological Assessment: A Case Study in the Karak Watershed, Northern Pakistan
Water ( IF 3.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-30 , DOI: 10.3390/w13091255
Umair Khan , Haris Faheem , Zhengwen Jiang , Muhammad Wajid , Muhammad Younas , Baoyi Zhang

The optimization of groundwater conditioning factors (GCFs), the evaluation of groundwater potential (GWpot), the hydrogeological characterization of aquifer geoelectrical properties and borehole lithological information are of great significance in the complex decision-making processes of groundwater resource management (GRM). In this study, the regional GWpot of the Karak watershed in Northern Pakistan was first evaluated by means of the multi-influence factors (MIFs) model of optimized GCFs through geoprocessing tools in geographical information system (GIS). The distribution of petrophysical properties indicated by the measured resistivity fluctuations was then generated to locally verify the GWpot, and to analyze the hydrogeological and geoelectrical characteristics of aquifers. According to the weighted overlay analysis of MIFs, GWpot map was zoned into low, medium, high and very high areas, covering 9.7% (72.3 km2), 52.4% (1307.7 km2), 31.3% (913.4 km2), and 6.6% (44.8 km2) of the study area. The GWpot accuracy sequentially depends on the classification criteria, the mean rating score, and the weights assigned to GCFs. The most influential factors are geology, lineament density, and land use/land cover followed by drainage density, slope, soil type, rainfall, elevation, and groundwater level fluctuations. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the confusion matrix, and Kappa (K) analysis show satisfactory and consistent results and expected performances (the area under the curve value 68%, confusion matrix 68%, Kappa (K) analysis 65%). The electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and vertical electrical sounding (VES) data interpretations reveals five regional hydrological layers (i.e., coarse gravel and sand, silty sand mixed lithology, clayey sand/fine sand, fine sand/gravel, and clayey basement). The preliminary interpretation of ERT results highlights the complexity of the hydrogeological strata and reveals that GWpot is structurally and proximately constrained in the clayey sand and silicate aquifers (sandstone), which is of significance for the determination of drilling sites, expansion of drinking water supply and irrigation in the future. Moreover, quantifying the spatial distribution of aquifer hydrogeological characteristics (such as reflection coefficient, isopach, and resistivity mapping) based on Olayinka's basic standards, indirectly and locally verify the performance of the MIF model and ultimately determine new locations for groundwater exploitation. The combined methods of regional GWpot mapping and hydrogeological characterization, through the geospatial MIFs model and aquifer geoelectrical interpretation, respectively, facilitate decision-makers for sustainable GRM not only in the Karak watershed but also in other similar areas worldwide.

中文翻译:

将基于GIS的多影响因素模型与水文地球物理勘探相结合以进行地下水潜力和水文地质评估:以巴基斯坦北部卡拉克流域为例

在复杂的地下水资源管理(GRM)决策过程中,优化地下水调节因子(GCF),评估地下水潜力(GW pot),含水层地电特性的水文地质特征和井眼岩性信息具有重要意义。在这项研究中,首先通过地理信息系统(GIS)中的地理处理工具,通过优化GCF的多影响因子(MIF)模型,评估了巴基斯坦北部Karak流域的区域GW。然后生成由测得的电阻率波动指示的岩石物理特性分布,以局部验证GW,并分析含水层的水文地质和地电特征。据的MIF的加权叠加分析,GW地图被划分为低,中,高和非常高的区域,覆盖9.7%(72.3公里2),52.4%(1307.7公里2),31.3%(913.4公里2),和6.6%(44.8 km 2)的研究区域。GW准确性依次取决于分类标准,平均评分和分配给GCF的权重。影响最大的因素是地质,线粒体密度和土地利用/土地覆盖,其次是排水密度,坡度,土壤类型,降雨,海拔和地下水位波动。接收器工作特性(ROC)曲线,混淆矩阵和Kappa(K)分析显示令人满意和一致的结果和预期性能(曲线值下的面积为68%,混淆矩阵为68%,Kappa(K)分析为65%) 。电阻层析成像(ERT)和垂直电测深(VES)数据解释揭示了五个区域水文层(即,粗砾石和砂,粉质砂混合岩性,黏土砂/细砂,细砂/砾石和黏土基底)。在结构上和近处受黏性砂和硅酸盐含水层(砂岩)的约束,这对于确定钻探地点,扩大饮用水供应和灌溉具有重要意义。此外,根据奥莱因卡(Olayinka)的基本标准量化含水层水文地质特征(例如反射系数,等渗线和电阻率图)的空间分布,可以间接和局部地验证MIF模型的性能,并最终确定用于地下水开采的新位置。区域GW的组合方法 分别通过地理空间MIF模型和含水层地电解释进行制图和水文地质特征描述,不仅可以在Karak流域而且可以在全球其他类似地区为可持续GRM的决策者提供便利。
更新日期:2021-04-30
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