Perforin, a pore-forming glycoprotein, has been demonstrated to play key roles in clearing virus-infected cells and tumour cells due to its ability of forming ‘pores’ on the cell membranes. Additionally, perforin is also found to be associated with human diseases such as tumours, virus infections, immune rejection and some autoimmune diseases. Until now, plenty of perforin genes have been identified in vertebrates, especially the mammals and teleost fish. Conversely, vertebrate homologue of perforin gene was not identified in the invertebrates. Although recently there have been several reviews focusing on perforin and granzymes in mammals, no one highlighted the current advances of perforin in the other vertebrates. Here, in addition to mammalian perforin, the structure, evolution, tissue distribution and function of perforin in bony fish are summarized, respectively, which will allow us to gain more insights into the perforin in lower animals and the evolution of this important pore-forming protein across vertebrates.

中文翻译：

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硬骨鱼和哺乳动物穿孔素的总结和比较：综述

穿孔素是一种成孔糖蛋白，由于其能够在细胞膜上形成“孔”，因此已被证明在清除病毒感染的细胞和肿瘤细胞方面发挥着关键作用。此外，还发现穿孔素与人类疾病有关，例如肿瘤、病毒感染、免疫排斥和一些自身免疫性疾病。到目前为止，已经在脊椎动物中发现了大量穿孔素基因，尤其是哺乳动物和硬骨鱼。相反，在无脊椎动物中未鉴定出穿孔素基因的脊椎动物同源物。尽管最近有几篇评论关注哺乳动物中的穿孔素和颗粒酶，但没有人强调穿孔素在其他脊椎动物中的当前进展。在这里，除了哺乳动物的穿孔素，结构、进化、