We analyse the evolution of mortality rates in Spain by age and gender between 1990 and 2018. We compare municipalities, ranked by socio‐economic status (SES) and grouped into bins of similar population size, to study changes not only in levels but also in inequality in mortality across the SES spectrum. We document large decreases in mortality rates throughout the period for all age groups, including children, even after 2000, and continuing after the Great Recession. These declines are stronger for boys and men, who had higher mortality rates to begin with. We find that inequality in mortality across municipalities was low among the young by 2018, while it was higher among adult men and older women. Inequality in fact increased over the period for older men. We explore the role of different causes of death and find that this increase in inequality is driven by stronger improvements in cancer‐related mortality among men living in richer areas. These improvements are not found among women, given their increases in mortality due to lung cancer.

中文翻译：

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西班牙的死亡率不平等*

我们分析了1990年至2018年西班牙按年龄和性别划分的死亡率变化情况。我们比较了按社会经济地位（SES）排名并按相似人口规模划分的城市，以研究城市的水平和变化SES范围内的死亡率不平等。我们记录了整个年龄段（包括儿童）在整个时期内的死亡率大幅度下降，即使在2000年之后，并且在大萧条之后仍在继续。对于男孩和男人来说，这些下降趋势更为明显，他们从一开始就拥有较高的死亡率。我们发现，到2018年，各个城市的死亡率不平等率较低，而成年男性和老年妇女则更高。实际上，在此期间，老年男子的不平等现象有所增加。我们探究了不同死亡原因的作用，发现这种不平等的加剧是由居住在较富裕地区的男性中与癌症相关的死亡率的更大提高所驱动的。考虑到她们由于肺癌而导致的死亡率增加，在妇女中未发现这些改善。