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Evolution of a sundown town and racial caste system: Norman, Oklahoma from 1889 to 1967
Ethnicities ( IF 1.555 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-28 , DOI: 10.1177/14687968211011174
Michael S Givel 1
Affiliation  

Sundown regions were post-Reconstruction localities that deliberately excluded African Americans, often well into the 20th century. While former states of the Confederacy instituted state-wide racial caste systems denying African Americans basic political and economic privileges and opportunities, what of localities outside the Deep South? This case study concludes that Norman, Oklahoma, located outside of the Deep South, was a sundown town from 1889 to 1967 or for 78 years. Sundown implementation practices resulting in ongoing racial cleansing and exclusion include a variety of extra-legal actions including violent racial expulsion in the beginning; Ku Klux Klan terror in the 1920s; ongoing freeze-out of local services such as hotel services; denial of home ownership; denial of employment; curtailment of political rights including voting and freedom of movement; an ominous reputation as a sundown town; continuing violence; and threats. The widespread act of systematically excluding African Americans after dark from Norman, in tandem with state legislation that outlawed interracial marriage and intimate relationships until 1967 and maintaining all white public colleges until 1948, contributed to a racial caste system based on unequal opportunities and privileges afforded to whites. Sundown practices were not only ongoing geographic and racist Jim Crow segregation issues as is sometimes stated, but also, a key approach to enforce a rigid racial caste system in the midst of a society with democratic ideals.



中文翻译:

日落城镇和种族等级制度的演变:1889年至1967年,俄克拉荷马州诺曼

日落地区是重建后的地区,有意将非洲裔美国人排斥在外,这些地区通常早在20世纪就已存在。以前的联邦制建立了全州的种姓制度,剥夺了非洲裔美国人的基本政治和经济特权和机会,但深南方以外的地方又是什么?该案例研究得出的结论是,俄克拉荷马州诺曼市位于深南部,在1889年至1967年期间是一个落日镇,已有78年的历史。日落实施的做法导致种族清洗和排斥的持续进行,包括各种法律外行动,包括一开始就暴力驱逐种族;1920年代Ku Klux Klan恐怖;持续冻结本地服务,例如酒店服务;否认房屋所有权;拒绝就业;削减包括投票和行动自由在内的政治权利;作为日落镇的不祥名声;持续的暴力;和威胁。广泛的行为是有系统地将非裔美国人从诺曼底下驱逐出去,再加上州立法禁止种族间的婚姻和亲密关系直到1967年,并维持所有白人公立大学直到1948年,这促成了基于种种机会和特权的种族等级制度。白人。日落实践不仅是持续存在的地理和种族主义的吉姆·克劳(Jim Crow)种族隔离问题,而且还是在具有民主理想的社会中实施严格的种族等级制度的关键方法。广泛的行为是有系统地将非裔美国人从诺曼底下驱逐出去,再加上州立法禁止种族间的婚姻和亲密关系直到1967年,并维持所有白人公立大学直到1948年,这促成了基于种种机会和特权的种族等级制度。白人。日落实践不仅是持续存在的地理和种族主义的吉姆·克劳(Jim Crow)种族隔离问题,而且还是在具有民主理想的社会中实施严格的种族等级制度的关键方法。广泛的行为是有系统地将非裔美国人从诺曼底下驱逐出去,再加上州立法禁止种族间的婚姻和亲密关系直到1967年,并维持所有白人公立大学直到1948年,这促成了基于种种机会和特权的种族等级制度。白人。日落实践不仅是持续存在的地理和种族主义的吉姆·克劳(Jim Crow)种族隔离问题,而且还是在具有民主理想的社会中实施严格的种族等级制度的关键方法。为白人提供了不平等的机会和特权,从而为种族种姓制度做出了贡献。日落实践不仅是持续存在的地理和种族主义的吉姆·克劳(Jim Crow)种族隔离问题,而且还是在具有民主理想的社会中实施严格的种族等级制度的关键方法。为白人提供了不平等的机会和特权,从而为种族种姓制度做出了贡献。日落实践不仅是持续存在的地理和种族主义的吉姆·克劳(Jim Crow)种族隔离问题,而且还是在具有民主理想的社会中实施严格的种族等级制度的关键方法。

更新日期:2021-04-29
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