Gastric cancer (GC) is a common tumour that affects humans worldwide, is highly malignant and has a poor prognosis. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), especially exosomes, are nanoscale vesicles released by various cells that deliver bioactive molecules to recipient cells, affecting their biological characteristics, changing the tumour microenvironment and producing long-distance effects. In recent years, many studies have clarified the mechanisms by which sEVs function with regard to the initiation, progression, angiogenesis, metastasis and chemoresistance of GC. These molecules can function as mediators of cell-cell communication in the tumour microenvironment and might affect the efficacy of immunotherapy. Due to their unique physiochemical characteristics, sEVs show potential as effective antitumour vaccines as well as drug carriers. In this review, we summarize the roles of sEVs in GC and highlight the clinical application prospects in the future.

中文翻译：

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细胞外小囊泡在胃癌中的作用及应用

胃癌（GC）是一种影响全球人类的常见肿瘤，恶性程度高，预后差。细胞外小囊泡（sEVs），尤其是外泌体，是由各种细胞释放的纳米级囊泡，将生物活性分子传递给受体细胞，影响其生物学特性，改变肿瘤微环境并产生远距离效应。近年来，许多研究阐明了 sEVs 在 GC 的启动、进展、血管生成、转移和化学耐药性方面发挥作用的机制。这些分子可以作为肿瘤微环境中细胞间通讯的介质，并可能影响免疫治疗的疗效。由于其独特的理化特性，sEVs 显示出作为有效抗肿瘤疫苗和药物载体的潜力。