Internationally, women report challenges breastfeeding in public spaces. This study aimed to investigate the social-spatial aspects of public spaces in one UK city, Cardiff, in order to suggest possible barriers and facilitators to breastfeeding in public spaces. The study observation location guide prioritised places that had been reported as hostile to breastfeeding or breastfeeding friendly in the existing literature. Data were collected between April and September 2018 at various times of day, in several areas of the city, and included transport (n = 4), transport hubs (n = 3), high streets (n = 4), cafes (n = 2), a large city centre shopping complex, comprising of three joined shopping malls and a large city centre department store containing a third café. Low inference field notes were written on an encrypted smart phone and expanded soon after. Data were analysed thematically using deductive codes based on the observation schedule. Additional inductive codes relating to places were added. Overall, public transport and the city centre were inhospitable environments for those who might need to breastfeed, and even more so for those who need to express breastmilk. The core barriers and facilitators across locations were the availability of appropriate seating coupled with either high privacy or politely unimposing strangers (civil inattention). The one variation to this model arose from the department store café, where civil inattention was not performed and there was low privacy, but breastfeeding occurred anyway. This research highlights the physical and social barriers to breastfeeding within one urban city centre in the UK and its associated transport links. It is clear that there is an urgent need for change in urban city centres and public transport if countries are to meet their aims in relation to increasing breastfeeding rates. Interventions will need to be multifaceted, accounting for social norms relating to infant feeding as well as changes to the physical environment, policy and potentially legal change. Further research should be undertaken in other countries to examine the extent to which hostile environments exist, and if correcting these could facilitate breastfeeding and reduce gender-based violence.

中文翻译：

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乳房与城市：英国卡迪夫公共场所婴儿喂养的城市民族志

在国际上，女性报告了在公共场所母乳喂养的挑战。本研究旨在调查英国城市加的夫公共空间的社会空间方面，以提出在公共空间进行母乳喂养可能存在的障碍和促进因素。研究观察地点指南优先考虑在现有文献中被报告为不利于母乳喂养或母乳喂养友好的地方。数据是在 2018 年 4 月至 9 月期间在城市多个地区的不同时间收集的，包括交通（n = 4）、交通枢纽（n = 3）、大街（n = 4）、咖啡馆（n = 2），一个大型市中心购物中心，由三个相连的购物中心和一个包含第三家咖啡馆的大型市中心百货公司组成。低推理领域笔记被写在一个加密的智能手机上，并在不久之后扩展。使用基于观察计划的演绎代码对数据进行专题分析。添加了与地点相关的附加归纳代码。总体而言，公共交通和市中心对于可能需要母乳喂养的人来说是不适宜居住的环境，对于需要挤奶的人来说更是如此。不同地点的核心障碍和促进因素是适当座位的可用性，加上高度隐私或礼貌地不引人注目的陌生人（公民疏忽）。这种模式的一个变体来自百货公司的咖啡馆，在那里没有进行民事疏忽，隐私也很低，但无论如何还是发生了母乳喂养。这项研究强调了在英国一个城市中心及其相关交通连接进行母乳喂养的身体和社会障碍。很明显，如果各国要实现提高母乳喂养率的目标，就迫切需要改变城市中心和公共交通。干预需要多方面的，考虑到与婴儿喂养有关的社会规范以及物理环境、政策和潜在的法律变化的变化。应在其他国家开展进一步研究，以检查敌对环境的存在程度，以及纠正这些环境是否可以促进母乳喂养和减少基于性别的暴力。很明显，如果各国要实现提高母乳喂养率的目标，就迫切需要改变城市中心和公共交通。干预需要多方面的，考虑到与婴儿喂养有关的社会规范以及物理环境、政策和潜在的法律变化的变化。应在其他国家开展进一步研究，以检查敌对环境的存在程度，以及纠正这些环境是否可以促进母乳喂养和减少基于性别的暴力。很明显，如果各国要实现提高母乳喂养率的目标，就迫切需要改变城市中心和公共交通。干预需要多方面的，考虑到与婴儿喂养有关的社会规范以及物理环境、政策和潜在的法律变化的变化。应在其他国家开展进一步研究，以检查敌对环境的存在程度，以及纠正这些环境是否可以促进母乳喂养和减少基于性别的暴力。