Oceanic heat sources disturb the atmosphere, which, to come back to its initial state, disperses waves. These waves affect the climate in remote regions, characterizing the teleconnection patterns. In this study, we describe eight teleconnection patterns that affect South America climate: the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), the Tropical Atlantic Dipole (TAD), the South Atlantic Dipole (SAD), the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO), and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Precipitation and winds at 850-hPa anomalies, considering these teleconnection patterns in ENSO neutral periods, are also presented. Overall, southeastern South America and the north sector of the North and Northeast regions of Brazil are the most affected areas by the teleconnection patterns. In general, there is a precipitation dipole pattern between these regions during each teleconnection pattern.

中文翻译：

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遥相关模式对南美洲气候的影响

海洋热源扰乱了大气层，大气层恢复到初始状态后会分散波浪。这些波影响偏远地区的气候，表征遥相关模式。在这项研究中，我们描述了影响南美洲气候的八种遥相关模式：厄尔尼诺-南方涛动 (ENSO)、太平洋年代际涛动 (PDO)、大西洋年代际涛动 (AMO)、热带大西洋偶极子 (TAD)、南大西洋偶极子 (SAD)、南环状模 (SAM)、马登-朱利安振荡 (MJO) 和印度洋偶极子 (IOD)。考虑到 ENSO 中性时期的这些遥相关模式，还介绍了 850 hPa 异常处的降水和风。全面的，南美洲东南部和巴西北部和东北部地区的北部是遥相关模式受影响最严重的地区。通常，在每个遥相关模式期间，这些区域之间存在降水偶极子模式。