Oil seepage and spills have lasting detrimental effects on the environment, especially on nearby marine ecosystems. Despite quick and safe removal of contaminating oil being of utmost importance, remediation methods have remained largely unchanged over the last 20+ years. Removal methods such as skimmers, in situ burning, and sorbents can be difficult to implement in inclement weather. Marine microorganisms consume spilled oil as a primary energy source in a method known as bioremediation. Recently the introduction of nanoparticles to areas contaminated by oil has emerged as a potential method to enhance the efficacy of oil degradation by marine microorganisms. Nanoparticles have been primarily utilized as magnetic sorbents but can also act as emulsifiers, increasing the bioavailability of the oil by giving microbes a surface (droplets) to which they can attach and facilitate proliferation. Emulsification increases the oil–water interfacial area and often leads to an increase in the amount of oil degraded by microorganisms. Nanoenhanced bioremediation is effective on a variety of oil compositions and is minimally impacted by weather. It offers a sustainable alternative to traditional remediation methods, i.e., chemical dispersants, sorbents, and in situ burning, which are often toxic and ineffective.

中文翻译：

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溢油的纳米增强生物修复：综述

石油渗漏和泄漏对环境，尤其是附近的海洋生态系统具有持久的不利影响。尽管快速安全地去除污染油是最重要的，但在过去的 20 多年里，修复方法基本保持不变。去除方法，例如撇渣器，原位燃烧，并且在恶劣天气下很难使用吸附剂。海洋微生物以一种称为生物修复的方法消耗溢油作为主要能源。最近，将纳米粒子引入被油污染的区域已成为提高海洋微生物对油降解功效的潜在方法。纳米颗粒主要用作磁性吸附剂，但也可用作乳化剂，通过为微生物提供一个表面（液滴），它们可以附着并促进增殖，从而提高油的生物利用度。乳化作用增加了油水界面面积，并经常导致微生物降解的油量增加。纳米增强生物修复对多种油类成分有效，并且受天气影响最小。就地燃烧，这通常是有毒且无效的。