Plant viruses are mainly transmitted by insect vectors in the non-persistent, semi-persistent, or persistent modes. In the non-persistent mode, plant viruses are retained in the stylets of their insect vectors. In the semi-persistent mode, plant viruses are carried to vector foreguts or salivary glands, but they cannot spread to salivary glands. In the persistent mode, plant viruses are retained in vector guts and can spread to salivary glands. In the non-persistent and semi-persistent modes, plant viruses are retained for a short time and cannot enter the hemolymph of insect vectors, whereas in the persistent mode, plant viruses are retained for a relatively long time and can be found in the hemolymph. Here, we reviewed recent studies that uncovered molecular mechanisms of how plant viruses manipulate host traits for efficient transmission by insect vectors. Normally, plants that are infected with viruses, regardless of the transmission mode, tend to release more attractive volatiles to vectors. However, plant defensive systems are regulated differently by viruses in these three modes. In the non-persistent mode, virus infections significantly induce plant defense responses, which probably trigger vectors (e.g., winged aphids) to disperse and transmit viruses in a short time. In the semi-persistent mode, virus infections frequently suppress plant defense responses, resulting in an increase of vector population and facilitating viral transmissions during vector outbreaks. In the persistent mode, virus infections reduce plant defense responses and manipulate plant traits to become suitable feeding sites in a relatively long period of time. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of virus–vector–plant interactions will lay a foundation for preventing virus transmission.

植物病毒主要通过昆虫载体以非持久性、半持久性或持久性方式传播。在非持久模式下，植物病毒保留在其昆虫载体的探针中。在半持久模式下，植物病毒被携带到载体前肠或唾液腺，但不能传播到唾液腺。在持久模式下，植物病毒保留在载体内脏中，并可以传播到唾液腺。在非持久和半持久模式下，植物病毒滞留时间短，不能进入昆虫载体的血淋巴；而在持久模式下，植物病毒滞留时间相对较长，可以在血淋巴中发现。 . 这里，我们回顾了最近的研究，这些研究揭示了植物病毒如何操纵宿主特征以通过昆虫载体进行有效传播的分子机制。通常，感染病毒的植物，无论传播方式如何，都倾向于向载体释放更具吸引力的挥发物。然而，植物防御系统在这三种模式中受到病毒的不同调节。在非持久模式下，病毒感染显着诱导植物防御反应，这可能会触发载体（例如，有翅蚜虫）在短时间内分散和传播病毒。在半持久模式下，病毒感染经常抑制植物防御反应，导致媒介数量增加，并在媒介爆发期间促进病毒传播。在持久模式下，病毒感染会降低植物防御反应并在相对较长的时间内操纵植物性状成为合适的取食场所。了解病毒-载体-植物相互作用的潜在机制将为预防病毒传播奠定基础。