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Fire and its interactions with other drivers shape a distinctive, semi-arid 'mallee' ecosystem
Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution ( IF 3 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-28 , DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.647557
Michael F. Clarke , Luke T. Kelly , Sarah C. Avitabile , Joe Benshemesh , Kate E. Callister , Don A. Driscoll , Peter Ewin , Katherine Giljohann , Angie Haslem , Sally A. Kenny , Steve Leonard , Euan G. Ritchie , Dale G. Nimmo , Natasha Schedvin , Kathryn Schneider , Simon J. Watson , Martin Westbrooke , Matt White , Michael A. Wouters , Andrew F. Bennett

Fire shapes ecosystems globally, including semi-arid ecosystems. In Australia, semi-arid ‘mallee’ ecosystems occur primarily across the southern part of the continent, forming an interface between the arid interior and the temperate south. Mallee vegetation is characterized by short, multi-stemmed eucalypt trees that grow from a basal lignotuber. Fire shapes the structure and function of mallee ecosystems. Using the Murray Mallee region in south-eastern Australia as a case study, we examine the characteristics and role of fire, the consequences for biota, and the interaction of fire with other drivers. Wildfires in mallee ecosystems typically are large (1000s ha), burn with high severity, commonly are stand-replacing, and create coarse-grained mosaics at a regional scale. Wildfires can occur in late spring and summer in any year. Recovery of plant and animal communities is predictable and slow, with regeneration of eucalypts and many habitat components extending over decades. Time since the last fire is a strong influence on many species and on the structure of communities. Animal species display a discrete set of generalised responses to time since the fire. Systematic field studies and modelling have revealed how spatial variation in fire regimes (‘pyrodiversity’) shapes biodiversity. Pyrodiversity includes variation in the extent of post-fire habitats, the diversity of post-fire age-classes and their configuration. At regional scales, a desirable mix of fire histories for biodiversity conservation includes a combination of early, mid and late post-fire age-classes, weighted towards later seral stages that provide critical habitat for many threatened species. Biodiversity is also influenced by interactions between fire and other drivers, including land clearing, rainfall patterns, herbivory and predation. Extensive clearing for agriculture has altered the nature and impact of fire, and facilitated invasion by pest species that modify fuels, fire regimes and post-fire recovery. Given the natural and anthropogenic drivers of fire, and the consequences of their interactions for the mallee biota, we highlight opportunities for conserving mallee ecosystems. These include learning from Indigenous knowledge of fire, implementing actions that consider synergies between fire and other processes, and strategic monitoring of fire, biodiversity and other drivers to guide place-based, adaptive management under climate change.

中文翻译:

大火及其与其他驾驶员的相互作用形成了一个独特的半干旱的“马利”生态系统

火灾在全球范围内影响着生态系统,包括半干旱生态系统。在澳大利亚,半干旱的“ mallee”生态系统主要分布在非洲大陆的南部,在干旱的内陆和温带的南部之间形成了一个界面。Mallee植被的特征是从基底木质小块茎生长的短而多茎的桉树。火影响了槌鱼生态系统的结构和功能。以澳大利亚东南部的Murray Mallee地区为例,我们研究了火灾的特征和作用,对生物群系的后果以及火灾与其他驾驶员的相互作用。木槌生态系统中的野火通常很大(1000公顷),燃烧程度很高,通常是替换林地,并在区域范围内形成粗糙的马赛克。每年的春季末和夏季都可能发生野火。植物和动物群落的恢复是可预测的且缓慢的,桉树和许多栖息地组成部分的再生持续了数十年。自上次大火以来的时间对许多物种和社区的结构有很大的影响。自大火以来,动物物种表现出对时间的离散广义响应集。系统的现场研究和建模已经揭示了火灾情况下的空间变化(“热多样性”)如何影响生物多样性。火成多样性包括火灾后生境的范围变化,火灾后年龄等级的多样性及其配置。在区域范围内,为保护生物多样性而希望有的火灾史组合包括火灾后早期,中期和晚期年龄组的组合,这些加权的重点是后期的畜禽阶段,为许多受威胁物种提供了重要的栖息地。生物多样性还受到火灾与其他驱动因素之间相互作用的影响,包括土地清理,降雨模式,食草和掠食行为。广泛的农业清理改变了火的性质和影响,并促进了有害生物入侵,从而改变了燃料,火灾状况和火灾后的恢复。考虑到自然的和人为的火源,以及它们相互作用对槌鱼生物群造成的后果,我们着重指出了保护槌鱼生态系统的机会。这些措施包括从土著火灾知识中学习,采取考虑火灾与其他过程之间协同作用的行动,以及对火灾,生物多样性和其他驱动因素进行战略性监测,以指导在气候变化下进行基于地点的适应性管理。包括土地清理,降雨模式,草食和捕食。广泛的农业清理改变了火的性质和影响,并促进了有害生物入侵,从而改变了燃料,火灾状况和火灾后的恢复。考虑到自然的和人为的火源,以及它们相互作用对槌鱼生物群造成的后果,我们着重指出了保护槌鱼生态系统的机会。这些措施包括从土著火灾知识中学习,采取考虑火灾与其他过程之间协同作用的行动,以及对火灾,生物多样性和其他驱动因素进行战略性监测,以指导在气候变化下进行基于地点的适应性管理。包括土地清理,降雨模式,草食和捕食。广泛的农业清理改变了火的性质和影响,并促进了有害生物入侵,从而改变了燃料,火灾状况和火灾后的恢复。考虑到自然的和人为的火源,以及它们相互作用对槌鱼生物群造成的后果,我们着重指出了保护槌鱼生态系统的机会。这些措施包括从土著火灾知识中学习,采取考虑火灾与其他过程之间协同作用的行动,以及对火灾,生物多样性和其他驱动因素进行战略性监测,以指导在气候变化下进行基于地点的适应性管理。并促进了有害生物的入侵,这些有害生物改变了燃料,着火方式和火后恢复。考虑到自然的和人为的火源,以及它们相互作用对槌鱼生物群造成的后果,我们着重指出了保护槌鱼生态系统的机会。这些措施包括从土著火灾知识中学习,采取考虑火灾与其他过程之间协同作用的行动,以及对火灾,生物多样性和其他驱动因素进行战略性监测,以指导在气候变化下进行基于地点的适应性管理。并促进了有害生物的入侵,这些有害生物改变了燃料,着火方式和火后恢复。考虑到自然的和人为的火源,以及它们相互作用对槌鱼生物群造成的后果,我们着重指出了保护槌鱼生态系统的机会。这些措施包括从土著火灾知识中学习,采取考虑火灾与其他过程之间协同作用的行动,以及对火灾,生物多样性和其他驱动因素进行战略性监测,以指导在气候变化下进行基于地点的适应性管理。
更新日期:2021-04-29
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