The controlled application of olive mill wastewater (OMW) as a by-product of the olive oil extraction process is widespread in olive oil-producing countries. Therefore, a sustainable approach necessarily targets the positive effects of soil resilience between successive annual applications to exclude possible accumulations of negative consequences. To investigate this, we applied 50, 100, 100 with tillage and 150 m³ OMW ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ for five consecutive seasons to an olive orchard in a semi-arid region and monitored various soil physicochemical and biological properties. OMW increased soil water content with concentration of total phenols, cations, and anions as well as various biological and soil organic matter indices. Soil hydrophobicity, as measured by water drop penetration time (WDPT), was found to be predominantly in the uppermost layer (0–3 and 3–10 cm). OMW positively affected soil biology, increased the activity and abundance of soil arthropods, and served as a food source for bacteria and fungi. Subsequent shallow tillage reduced the extent of OMW-induced changes and could provide a simple means of OMW dilution and effect minimization. Despite potentially higher leaching risks, an OMW dose of 50–100 m³ ha⁻¹ applied every two years followed by tillage could be a cost-effective and feasible strategy for OMW recycling.

中文翻译：

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努力平衡在橄榄园灌溉橄榄厂废水的利弊

橄榄油生产过程中作为副产物的橄榄油厂废水（OMW）的受控应用在橄榄油生产国广泛存在。因此，一种可持续的方法必须针对连续两次年度应用之间土壤弹性的积极影响，以排除可能产生的负面影响。为了对此进行调查，我们分别在耕作量为50、100、100的条件下施用了150 m ³ OMW ha ^-1 y ^-1在半干旱地区的一个橄榄果园中连续五个季节进行监测，并监测了各种土壤的理化和生物学特性。OMW通过增加总酚，阳离子和阴离子的浓度以及各种生物和土壤有机质指数来提高土壤含水量。通过水滴渗透时间（WDPT）测得的土壤疏水性主要位于最上层（0–3和3–10 cm）。OMW对土壤生物学产生了积极影响，增加了土壤节肢动物的活性和丰富度，并成为细菌和真菌的食物来源。随后的浅耕减少了OMW引起的变化的程度，并可能提供OMW稀释和效果最小化的简单方法。尽管浸出风险可能更高，但OMW剂量为50–100 m ³ ha ^-1 每两年进行一次耕作，然后进行耕作可能是OMW回收的一种经济高效且可行的策略。