Kiwifruit hold significant nutritional value and are a good source of antioxidants due to their diverse range of bioactive compounds. Kiwifruit waste is generated throughout the food supply chain, particularly during transportation and storage. Kiwifruit rejected from the retail market due to unfavorable appearance still possess potential economic value as kiwifruit are abundant in phenolic compounds. The present work studied the phenolic profile and antioxidant potential of rejected kiwifruit, including SunGold (Actinidia chinensis), Hayward (Actinidia deliciosa), and round organic Hayward (Actinidia deliciosa). Regarding phenolics estimation, SunGold possessed the highest TPC (0.72 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g), while Hayward exhibited the highest TFC (0.05 ± 0.09 mg QE/g). In antioxidant assays, SunGold showed the highest antioxidant activities in DPPH (0.31 ± 0.35 mg AAE/g), FRAP (0.48 ± 0.04 mg AAE/g), ABTS (0.69 ± 0.07 mg AAE/g), ^•OH-RSA (0.07 ± 0.03 mg AAE/g) assays, and FICA (0.19 ± 0.07 mg EDTA/g), whereas Hayward showed the highest RPA (0.09 ± 0.02 mg AAE/g) and TAC (0.57 ± 0.04 mg AAE/g). Separation and characterization of phenolics were conducted using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. A total of 97 phenolics were tentatively characterized from rejected SunGold (71 phenolics), Hayward (55 phenolics), and round organic Hayward (9 phenolics). Hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonols were the most common phenolics characterized in the three samples. The quantitative analysis was conducted by HPLC-PDA and found that chlorogenic acid (23.98 ± 0.95 mg/g), catechin (23.24 ± 1.16 mg/g), and quercetin (24.59 ± 1.23 mg/g) were the most abundant phenolics present in the rejected kiwifruit samples. The notable presence of phenolic compounds and their corresponding antioxidant capacities indicate the potential value of rescuing rejected kiwifruit for further utilization and commercial exploitation.

中文翻译：

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拒绝猕猴桃中酚类化合物的表征及其抗氧化能力

奇异果具有显着的营养价值，并且由于其多种生物活性化合物而成为抗氧化剂的良好来源。整个食品供应链中都会产生猕猴桃废物，特别是在运输和存储期间。由于奇异果富含酚类化合物，因外观不良而被零售市场拒绝的奇异果仍具有潜在的经济价值。本工作研究了被淘汰的奇异果的酚类成分和抗氧化潜力，包括SunGold（猕猴桃），Hayward（猕猴桃）和圆形有机Hayward（猕猴桃）。）。关于酚类的估计，SunGold的TPC最高（0.72±0.01 mg GAE / g），而Hayward的TFC最高（0.05±0.09 mg QE / g）。在抗氧化剂测定中，SunGold在DPPH（0.31±0.35 mg AAE / g），FRAP（0.48±0.04 mg AAE / g），ABTS（0.69±0.07 mg AAE / g）中显示出最高的抗氧化剂活性，^•OH-RSA（0.07±0.03 mg AAE / g）测定和FICA（0.19±0.07 mg EDTA / g）测定，而Hayward显示最高RPA（0.09±0.02 mg AAE / g）和TAC（0.57±0.04 mg AAE / g） G）。酚类化合物的分离和表征使用LC-ESI-QTOF-MS / MS进行。暂定从拒绝的SunGold（71个酚醛树脂），Hayward（55个酚醛树脂）和圆形有机Hayward（9个酚醛树脂）中鉴定出总共97种酚醛树脂。羟基肉桂酸和黄酮醇是这三个样品中最常见的酚类化合物。通过HPLC-PDA进行的定量分析发现，绿原酸（23.98±0.95 mg / g），儿茶素（23.24±1.16 mg / g）和槲皮素（24.59±1.23 mg / g）是目前最丰富的酚类物质。拒绝的奇异果样品。