Elastic Surface Algorithm (ESA), which was proposed for the inverse design in external flows, substitutes the airfoil wall by an elastic curved beam that deforms due to a difference between the target and current pressure distributions. The original ESA, such as all inverse design methods, which use only pressure as the target parameter, cannot converge in separated flows because of an almost constant pressure inside the separated region. This study developed the ESA for the inverse design in external separated flows by considering a linear combination of normalized pressure and shear stress distribution as the target flow parameter. Removing the geometrical filtrations, the automatic determination of the beam elasticity modulus, and the definition of dynamic spines instead of the vertical spines were the other essential modifications to upgrade the ESA for separated flows. The method was verified for blunt-leading-edged airfoils in subsonic turbulent flow under different angles of attack, and different initially-guessed geometries. The method reduced the separation by modifying the wall shear stress along the separation region.

弹性表面算法 (ESA) 被提议用于外部流动的逆向设计，用弹性弯曲梁代替翼型壁，该梁由于目标压力分布和当前压力分布之间的差异而变形。原始的 ESA，例如所有逆向设计方法，仅使用压力作为目标参数，由于分离区域内的压力几乎恒定，因此无法在分离流中收敛。本研究通过考虑归一化压力和剪切应力分布的线性组合作为目标流动参数，开发了用于外部分离流逆向设计的 ESA。去除几何过滤，梁弹性模量的自动确定，动态脊柱而不是垂直脊柱的定义是升级 ESA 以实现分离流的其他必要修改。该方法在亚音速湍流中的钝前缘翼型在不同攻角和不同的初始猜测几何形状下进行了验证。该方法通过修改沿分离区域的壁面剪切应力来减少分离。