Lateral responses of a pile are governed by its mutual interaction with the supporting soil, known as the Pile-Soil Interaction (PSI), which in turn influences its structural limit states. The present study evaluates the seismic limit states for bridge pile in sand, while incorporating the parametric influences of pile and soil assessed through PSI. Such influences have not been dealt with in the past, except for the p (soil-pile reaction) – y (pile deflection) responses (though with only few pile parameters). Pile cross sectional size, grades of concrete and reinforcement, longitudinal and transverse reinforcement ratios, axial load ratio and the sand effective friction angle are observed to affect the PSI and consequently the limit states. Thus, limit states are proposed as parameterised expressions, generated through regression on the limit state data obtained by analysing the damage model (developed herein) for the pile-soil system samples generated over wide ranges of the influential parameters. These expressions, validated through the compliance with the expected trends and a fair agreement with a test result, can be readily used to obtain the expected values of the limit states over a broad range of parametric combinations and without requiring analysis repetition. These, in turn, can contribute to reliable estimation of fragility of a bridge system with the given properties for its pile foundation.

桩的横向响应取决于桩与支撑土的相互作用，即桩-土相互作用（PSI），进而影响桩的结构极限状态。本研究评估了沙子中桥梁桩的地震极限状态，同时考虑了通过PSI评估的桩和土的参数影响。过去没有处理过这样的影响，除了p（土堆反应）– y（桩的挠度）响应（尽管只有很少的桩参数）。观察到桩的横截面尺寸，混凝土和钢筋的等级，纵向和横向的钢筋比率，轴向载荷比率和砂有效摩擦角会影响PSI，从而影响极限状态。因此，提出了极限状态作为参数化表达式，该极限状态是通过对极限状态数据进行回归而生成的，极限状态数据是通过分析（在此处开发的）针对在广泛影响参数范围内生成的桩土系统样本的损伤模型而获得的。这些表达式通过符合预期趋势以及与测试结果的合理协议而得到验证，可以很容易地用于获得各种参数组合范围内极限状态的期望值，而无需重复分析。这些，