Winemaking is a water-intensive operation; it is estimated that 70% of the water input is downgraded, mainly via cleaning processes, to wastewater. The quality and the quantity of the waste effluents vary considerably due to the seasonal operation of wineries and the diversity of winemaking technologies applied. High organic load, acidic pH, significant polyphenolic content, and residual concentration of phytosanitary products are included among the main characteristics of winery wastewater (WiWW). Discharge of untreated or partially treated WiWW into watercourses or land poses high environmental risks. To this end, biological oxidation has been thoroughly studied for the treatment of WiWW yielding up to 95% reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) at a low cost and in an environmentally benign manner. Biological treatment, however, cannot provide a barrier to the slip of bio-recalcitrant compounds present in WiWW, such as phenols and pesticides, into the environment. The release of these compounds raises serious concerns over ecological well-being due to their toxicity and endocrine-disrupting effects. Sustainable post-treatment technologies are sought, able of breaking down the bio-recalcitrant fraction of WiWW to harmless products without stressing the environmental resources. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) can offer a sound technological solution towards the integrated WiWW treatment. This paper presents an up-to-date overview of the AOPs (TiO₂-, sulfate radical-, Fe-, ozone-based AOPs, and wet oxidation processes) that have been studied for the treatment of WiWW, remarks the most efficient ones, and identifies research areas and concepts aiming towards process sustainability and, ultimately, actual application. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

中文翻译：

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用于处理酿酒厂废水的高级氧化工艺：回顾和未来展望

酿酒是一项耗水工作；估计有 70% 的水输入被降级，主要是通过清洗过程，废水。由于酿酒厂的季节性运营和所应用的酿酒技术的多样性，废水的质量和数量差异很大。高有机负荷、酸性 pH 值、显着的多酚含量和植物检疫产品的残留浓度是酿酒厂废水 (WiWW) 的主要特征之一。将未经处理或部分处理的 WiWW 排放到水道或土地中会造成很高的环境风险。为此，已经对用于 WiWW 处理的生物氧化进行了深入研究，以低成本和环境友好的方式将化学需氧量 (COD) 减少了 95%。然而，生物处理不能为 WiWW 中存在的生物顽固化合物（例如酚类和杀虫剂）的滑脱提供屏障，进入环境。由于这些化合物的毒性和内分泌干扰作用，这些化合物的释放引起了对生态福祉的严重关注。寻求可持续的后处理技术，能够将 WiWW 的生物顽固部分分解为无害产品，而不会对环境资源造成压力。高级氧化工艺 (AOP) 可以为集成 WiWW 处理提供完善的技术解决方案。本文介绍了 AOP（TiO 高级氧化工艺 (AOP) 可以为集成 WiWW 处理提供完善的技术解决方案。本文介绍了 AOP（TiO 高级氧化工艺 (AOP) 可以为集成 WiWW 处理提供完善的技术解决方案。本文介绍了 AOP（TiO₂ -、硫酸根自由基、Fe-、臭氧基 AOP 和湿式氧化过程）已被研究用于处理 WiWW，评论最有效的方法，并确定旨在实现过程可持续性的研究领域和概念，并最终，实际应用。© 2021 化学工业协会 (SCI)。