Thermal comfort research has utilized various sensors and models to estimate the mean radiant temperature (MRT) experienced by a human, including the standard black globe thermometer (SGT), acrylic globe thermometers (AGT), and cylindrical radiation thermometers (CRT). Rather than directly measuring radiation, a temperature is measured in the center of these low-cost sensors that can be related to MRT after theoretically accounting for convection. However, these sensors have not been systematically tested under long-term hot and clear conditions. Further, under variable weather conditions, many issues can arise due to slow response times, shape, inaccuracies in material properties and assumptions, and color (albedo, emissivity) inconsistencies. Here, we assess the performance of MRT produced by various heat transfer models, with and without new average surface temperature (\( {\overline{T}}_{\mathrm{s}} \)) correction factors, using five instruments—the SGT (15 cm, black), tan and black CRTs, gray and black 38 mm AGTs—compared to 3D integral radiation measurements. Measurements were taken on an unobscured roof throughout summer-to-early-fall months in Tempe, Arizona, examining 58 full-sun days. Deviations without correcting for asymmetrical surface heating—found to be the main cause of errors—reached ± 15–20 °C MRT. By accounting for asymmetric heating through \( {\overline{T}}_{\mathrm{s}} \) calculations, new corrective algorithms were derived for the low-cost sensor models. Results show significant improvements in the estimated MRT error for each sensor (i.e., ∆MRT_{model − IRM}) when applying the \( {\overline{T}}_{\mathrm{s}} \) corrections. The tan MRT_CRT improved from 1.9 ± 6.2 to −0.1 ± 4.4 °C, while the gray AGT and SGT showed improvements from −1.6 ± 7.2 to −0.4 ± 6.3 °C and − 6.6 ± 6.4 to − 0.03 ± 5.7 °C, respectively. The new corrections also eliminated dependence on other meteorological factors (zenith, wind speed). From these results, we provide three simple equations for CRT, AGT, and SGT correction for future research use under warm-hot and clear conditions. This study is the most comprehensive empirical assessment of various low-cost instruments with broad applicability in urban climate and biometeorological research.

热舒适性研究已经利用各种传感器和模型来估计人类经历的平均辐射温度（MRT），包括标准的黑球温度计（SGT），丙烯酸球温度计（AGT）和圆柱辐射温度计（CRT）。在理论上考虑了对流之后，不是直接测量辐射，而是在这些低成本传感器的中心测量温度，这些温度可能与MRT有关。但是，这些传感器尚未在长期炎热和晴朗的条件下进行系统测试。此外，在变化的天气条件下，由于响应时间慢，形状，材料特性和假设的不正确以及颜色（反照率，发射率）不一致，可能引起许多问题。在这里，我们评估了各种传热模型产生的MRT的性能，\（{\ overline {T}} _ {\ mathrm {s}} \））校正因子，使用五种仪器-SGT（15厘米，黑色），棕褐色和黑色CRT，灰色和黑色38毫米AGT-与3D积分辐射测量。在整个亚利桑那州坦佩市，从夏季到初秋的整个月，在没有遮挡的屋顶上进行了测量，检查了58个全日照天。未纠正不对称表面加热的偏差（被发现是造成错误的主要原因），达到了MRT±15–20°C。通过\（{\ overline {T}} _ {\ mathrm {s}} \）计算来解决不对称加热问题，针对低成本传感器模型得出了新的校正算法。结果表明，当应用传感器时，每个传感器的估计MRT误差（即∆ MRT_{模型− IRM}）显着改善。\（{\ overline {T}} _ {\ mathrm {s}} \）更正。棕褐色MRT _CRT从1.9±6.2改善到-0.1±4.4°C，而灰色AGT和SGT显示从-1.6±7.2改善到-0.4±6.3°C和-6.6±6.4改善到-0.03±5.7°C，分别。新的修正也消除了对其他气象因素（天顶，风速）的依赖。根据这些结果，我们提供了三个用于CRT，AGT和SGT校正的简单方程式，以供将来在高温高热条件下进行研究时使用。这项研究是对各种低成本仪器的最全面的经验评估，这些仪器在城市气候和生物气象研究中具有广泛的适用性。