In this article, I compare women's work opportunities in Bilbao, in northern Castile, and Antwerp, in the Low Countries, from 1400 to 1560. I argue that the different organisation of work in the two towns had a great influence on women's economic opportunities. Whereas women in Antwerp often worked alongside other members of their household because of the town's dominant craft guilds, Bilbao's informal trades were open to women on their own, independent of their husband or another male relative. As a result, women in Bilbao are more visible in the sources and were able to exert more influence on the town council.

中文翻译：

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毕尔巴鄂和安特卫普的妇女，镇议会和工作组织：南北比较（1400-1560年）

在本文中，我比较了卡斯蒂利亚北部的毕尔巴鄂和低地国家安特卫普在1400年至1560年之间妇女的工作机会。我认为，两个城镇不同的工作组织对妇女的经济机会有很大的影响。安特卫普的妇女由于该镇占主导地位的手工业协会而经常与家庭中的其他成员一起工作，而毕尔巴鄂的非正式贸易则是对妇女自己开放的，独立于丈夫或其他男性亲戚。结果，在毕尔巴鄂的妇女在消息来源中更为明显，并能够对镇议会施加更大的影响。