Underwater wireless communication has gained a great deal of attention in the last couple of decades because of its applications in the military, industrial, and monitoring sectors. Despite the extreme physical and MAC layer difficulties, acoustics are used for various applications among the various modes of underwater communication technologies used. While significant research efforts have been made to address these issues, the bottleneck remains in achieving high bandwidth, high throughputs, and data rate. Researchers have begun to look into full duplex (FD) implementation to improve bandwidth efficiency and increase data rate and throughput. Users can send and receive data simultaneously over the FD links, maximizing bandwidth utilization and increasing throughput. As a result, we thoroughly reviewed various FD physical layered UWAC systems and MAC layered protocols for underwater communication. The various problems that the aforementioned systems and protocols have faced, as well as the solutions suggested in previous works to solve each problem, are also highlighted. Various metrics are used to compare the performance of various physical layered FD systems and FD MAC protocols. We also explore some of the open research questions in these FD-physical layered and MAC layered protocols, as well as future research directions. Based on ample information, we suggest a cross-layered architecture based on various IBFD-SI cancellations, DA-CSMA, and FD-MAC protocols. This review provides a broad view of the current FD physical and MAC layered protocols based on acoustic communication, as well as recommendations.

中文翻译：

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基于全双工物理和MAC层的水下无线通信系统和协议：机遇，挑战和未来方向

水下无线通信由于在军事，工业和监视领域的应用而在过去的几十年中受到了广泛的关注。尽管存在极大的物理和MAC层困难，但声学仍用于各种模式的水下通信技术中的各种应用。尽管已经为解决这些问题进行了大量的研究工作，但瓶颈仍然在于实现高带宽，高吞吐量和数据速率。研究人员已开始研究全双工（FD）实施，以提高带宽效率并提高数据速率和吞吐量。用户可以通过FD链路同时发送和接收数据，从而最大程度地提高带宽利用率并提高吞吐量。因此，我们彻底审查了用于水下通信的各种FD物理层UWAC系统和MAC层协议。还着重提到了上述系统和协议所面临的各种问题，以及在以前的工作中为解决每个问题而提出的解决方案。各种指标用于比较各种物理分层FD系统和FD MAC协议的性能。我们还将探讨这些FD物理分层和MAC分层协议中的一些开放研究问题，以及未来的研究方向。基于足够的信息，我们建议基于各种IBFD-SI取消，DA-CSMA和FD-MAC协议的跨层体系结构。这篇综述提供了基于声通信的当前FD物理和MAC分层协议的广泛观点以及建议。