Electronic waste can lead to the accumulation of environmentally and biologically toxic materials and is a growing global concern. Developments in transient electronics—in which devices are designed to disintegrate after use—have focused on increasing the biocompatibility, whereas efforts to develop methods to recapture and reuse materials have focused on conducting materials, while neglecting other electronic materials. Here, we report all-carbon thin-film transistors made using crystalline nanocellulose as a dielectric, carbon nanotubes as a semiconductor, graphene as a conductor and paper as a substrate. A crystalline nanocellulose ink is developed that is compatible with nanotube and graphene inks and can be written onto a paper substrate using room-temperature aerosol jet printing. The addition of mobile sodium ions to the dielectric improves the thin-film transistor on-current (87 μA mm⁻¹) and subthreshold swing (132 mV dec⁻¹), and leads to a faster voltage sweep rate (by around 20 times) than without ions. The devices also exhibit stable performance over six months in ambient conditions and can be controllably decomposed, with the graphene and carbon nanotube inks recaptured for recycling (>95% recapture efficiency) and reprinting of new transistors. We demonstrate the utility of the thin-film transistors by creating a fully printed, paper-based biosensor for lactate sensing.

电子垃圾会导致环境和生物毒性材料的积累，并且是一个日益受到全球关注的问题。瞬态电子学的发展——其中设备被设计为在使用后分解——专注于提高生物相容性，而开发回收和再利用材料的方法的努力则集中在导电材料上，而忽略了其他电子材料。在这里，我们报告了使用结晶纳米纤维素作为电介质、碳纳米管作为半导体、石墨烯作为导体和纸作为基板制成的全碳薄膜晶体管。开发了一种与纳米管和石墨烯墨水兼容的结晶纳米纤维素墨水，并且可以使用室温气溶胶喷射打印将其写入纸基材上。^-1）和亚阈值摆幅（132 mV dec ^-1），并导致比没有离子时更快的电压扫描速率（大约 20 倍）。这些设备在环境条件下还表现出超过六个月的稳定性能，并且可以可控地分解，石墨烯和碳纳米管墨水被重新捕获用于回收（>95% 的重新捕获效率）和新晶体管的重印。我们通过创建用于乳酸传感的全印刷纸基生物传感器来展示薄膜晶体管的实用性。