The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused the most devasting social and economic impact of this century. The current pandemic will end only after a safe, effective vaccine becomes available and protective herd immunity has been achieved through vaccination. The key parameter to gauge protective immunity is neutralizing antibody levels. Thus, reliable serology testing is essential to diagnose whether an individual has been previously infected, as a large proportion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections is asymptomatic. For both naturally infected and vaccinated individuals, it is critical to monitor their neutralizing antibody titers over time. This is because, when neutralizing antibody levels wane below a threshold which remains to be determined, they become vulnerable to reinfection. Due to the importance of serology testing, academia and industry have developed different platforms for serological diagnosis, many of which have achieved the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Emergency Use Authorizations (EUA). Here we summarize the status of COVID-19 serology testing, discuss challenges, and provide future directions for improvement.

2019 年冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 大流行造成了本世纪最具破坏性的社会和经济影响。只有在安全、有效的疫苗可用并且通过疫苗接种实现保护性群体免疫之后，当前的大流行才会结束。衡量保护性免疫的关键参数是中和抗体水平。因此，可靠的血清学检测对于诊断个体是否曾被感染至关重要，因为大部分严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 感染是无症状的。对于自然感染和接种疫苗的个体，随着时间的推移监测他们的中和抗体滴度至关重要。这是因为，当中和抗体水平下降到仍有待确定的阈值以下时，它们变得容易再次感染。由于血清学检测的重要性，学术界和工业界开发了不同的血清学诊断平台，其中许多已获得美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）的紧急使用授权（EUA）。在这里，我们总结了 COVID-19 血清学检测的现状，讨论了挑战，并提供了未来的改进方向。