The genus Litomosoides Chandler, 1931, includes species that as adults occur in the thoracic and abdominal cavity of mammalian hosts and are presumably vectored by mites. The vertebrate hosts include a variety of Neotropical mammals such as phyllostomid and mormoopid bats; cricetid, sciurid, and hystricognath rodents; and didelphid marsupials. It has been suggested that Litomosoides is not a monophyletic group and that rampant horizontal transfer explains their presence in disparate groups of mammals. Herein we present a phylogenetic reconstruction including mitochondrial genes of 13 vouchered species. This phylogeny is used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of these parasites and the ancestral states of key characters used in species classification, namely, the configuration of the spicules. The historical association of these filarioids with 6 groups of mammals, as well as their ancestral geographic distributions, were reconstructed using Bayesian statistical approaches comparing alternative models of biogeography and evolution and fossil states in selected nodes of the phylogeny. The optimal reconstruction suggests a model of dispersal, extinction, and cladogenesis (DEC) driving the evolution of Litomosoides; the results suggest an origin of Litomosoides in South America and association of ancestors with phyllostomids, and strong evidence of at least 2 host-switching events: 1 of these involving cricetid rodents and the other mormoopid bats. The latter event included a simultaneous geographic expansion of the parasite lineage across South and North America. The host-switching event from phyllostomid bats into cricetid rodents occurred once these rodents diversified across South America; subsequent diversification of the latter clade resulted in 2 branches, each showing expansion of the parasites back into North America. This result suggests that both parasites and cricetid rodents established an association in South America, underwent diversification, and then dispersed into North America. Further, this clade of cricetid-dwelling species includes parasites featuring the “sigmodontis” spicule type. The identification of a single host-switching event involving the disparate lineages of Chiroptera and Rodentia offers a framework to reconstruct the gene evolution and diversification of this lineage after the host-switching event. This will help in predicting the ability of these parasites to infect sympatric mammals.

Litomosoides  Chandler属，1931年，包括成年时出现在哺乳动物寄主的胸腔和腹腔中并可能由螨虫带菌的物种。脊椎动物寄主包括各种新热带哺乳动物，例如叶绿体素和线虫蝙蝠。尖锐的，钩针的和下颌的啮齿动物；和迪德尔菲有袋动物。有人建议，类脂类不是单系群体，横行横行是其在不同的哺乳动物群体中的存在的原因。在这里，我们提出了一种系统发育重建，包括13个有凭证物种的线粒体基因。该系统发育用于重建这些寄生虫的进化历史以及用于物种分类的主要特征的祖先状态，即针状体的构型。这些线虫与6组哺乳动物的历史关联及其祖先的地理分布，是使用贝叶斯统计方法重建的，该方法比较了生物地理学和进化的替代模型以及系统发育中选定节点的化石状态。最佳的重建表明了驱散，灭绝和包发生（DEC）的模型，该模型驱动了植物的进化。脂质体; 结果表明石to的起源在南美以及祖先与叶类毒素的关联中，至少有2个宿主转换事件的有力证据：其中1个涉及cr骨啮齿类动物和其他Mormoopid蝙蝠。后一个事件包括整个南美和北美的寄生虫谱系同时在地理上扩展。一旦这些啮齿动物在南美洲范围内多样化，就会发生从叶绿体蝙蝠到cr骨啮齿类动物的宿主转换事件。后来的进化枝进化为2个分支，每个分支都显示了寄生虫向北扩散。这一结果表明，寄生虫和凶猛的啮齿动物都在南美建立了一个协会，经历了多样化，然后扩散到了北美。此外，这群凶残的物种包括以“sigmodontis ”针状型。鉴定了包括翼手目和啮齿动物的不同谱系的单个宿主转换事件，提供了在宿主转换事件之后重建该谱系的基因进化和多样化的框架。这将有助于预测这些寄生虫感染同胞哺乳动物的能力。