Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted much attention in the past decades owing to their amazing properties, including rich surface chemistry, flexible structure, superior surface area, and tunable porosity. MOFs are conventionally synthesized via wet-chemistry methods, which, however, are oftentimes plagued by long reaction durations, inhomogeneous mixing, and limited batch processes. This article reviews a rapid microdroplet-based nanomanufacturing process to fabricate MOFs-based functional materials with controlled hierarchical nanostructures to overcome the aforementioned disadvantages of wet-chemistry processes. The general formation pathways of MOFs inside the microdroplets were investigated by both experimental and theoretical approaches. Further, strategies to integrate MOFs with semiconductors to form hybrid photocatalysts are also summarized towards addressing environmental challenges, with a major focus on CO₂ photoreduction. The quantitative mechanisms of CO₂ adsorption, activation, and charge transfer within the hybrid nanostructures were explored by various in-situ techniques, such as diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This review provides a new avenue for the rational design of MOFs-based functional materials to tackle a variety of environmental issues, including but not limited to global warming, air pollution, and water contamination.

在过去的几十年中，金属有机框架 (MOF) 因其惊人的特性而备受关注，包括丰富的表面化学、灵活的结构、优越的表面积和可调的孔隙率。MOFs 通常是通过湿化学方法合成的，然而，湿化学方法常常受到反应持续时间长、混合不均匀和批量过程有限的困扰。本文回顾了一种基于微滴的快速纳米制造工艺，用于制造具有可控分层纳米结构的基于 MOF 的功能材料，以克服湿化学工艺的上述缺点。通过实验和理论方法研究了微滴内 MOF 的一般形成途径。更远，_{2 光}还原。通过各种原位技术，如漫反射红外傅里叶变换光谱、光致发光光谱和 X 射线光电子光谱，探索了混合纳米结构内CO ₂吸附、活化和电荷转移的定量机制。该综述为合理设计基于 MOF 的功能材料以解决各种环境问题提供了新途径，包括但不限于全球变暖、空气污染和水污染。