In 1538–39 Francisco de Vitoria delivered two relections: De Indis and De iure belli. This article distills from these writings the topic of free trade as a “human right” in accordance with ius gentium or the “law of peoples.” The right to free trade is rooted in a more fundamental right to communication and association. The rights to travel, to dwell, and to migrate precede the right to trade, which is also closely connected to the rights to preach, to protect converts, and to constitute Christian princes. This has significant repercussions on the field of business ethics: the right to free trade is ultimately founded directly on natural law and indirectly on divine law; trade is not independent of ethics; and trade is presented as an opportunity to develop the virtues of justice and friendship, among other repercussions. Vitoria is portrayed as a defender of private initiative and free markets.

在 1538-39 年，弗朗西斯科·德·维多利亚 (Francisco de Vitoria) 进行了两次改选：德·英迪斯 ( De Indis)和德·伊雷·贝利 (De iure belli)。这篇文章从这些著作中提炼出自由贸易作为一种“人权”的主题，符合万国法或“万民法”。自由贸易权植根于更基本的交流和结社权利。旅行、居住和迁移的权利先于贸易权，贸易权也与传教、保护皈依者和组建基督教王子的权利密切相关。这对商业道德领域产生了重大影响：自由贸易权最终直接建立在自然法之上，间接建立在神法之上；贸易并非独立于道德；贸易被视为发展正义和友谊美德的机会，以及其他影响。维多利亚被描绘成私人倡议和自由市场的捍卫者。