Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus, also known as ciwujia) belongs to the Araliaceae family, which contains more than 1,500 species in 41 genera with diverse chromosome numbers and genome sizes. General consensus posits that ancient whole-genome duplication events and rapid evolutionary radiation are the driving forces for this variation in genome properties. In an attempt to generate more genomic information for the Araliaceae family, we report a 1.30 Gb high-quality draft genome assembly (contig N50 = 309.43 kb) of E. senticosus via PacBio long reads and Hi-C chromatin interaction maps. We found that transposable elements accounted for 72.82% of the genome and a total of 36,372 protein-coding genes were predicted. Comparative analyses of the E. senticosus, Panax notoginseng and Daucus carota genomes revealed a burst expansion of Tekay chromoviral elements in Araliaceae after its divergence with Apiaceae. We also found that E. senticosus underwent a lineage-specific whole-genome duplication event Es-α and a whole-genome duplication event Araliaceae-β that was probably shared by all Araliaceae species. Even though the rediploidization of the E. senticosus genome is evident, pathway analyses show that these two whole-genome duplication events may have contributed to the adaptation of E. senticosus to a cold environment. Taken together, the high-quality genome assembly of E. senticosus provides a valuable genomic resource for future research on the evolution of Araliaceae.

中文翻译：

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Eleutherococcus senticosus 的染色体规模基因组组装提供了对五加科染色体进化的见解

西伯利亚人参（Eleutherococcus senticosus，又名刺五加）属于五加科，共有41属1500余种，染色体数目和基因组大小各异。普遍共识认为，古代全基因组复制事件和快速进化辐射是基因组特性变化的驱动力。为了为五加科家族生成更多基因组信息，我们通过 PacBio 长读长和 Hi-C 染色质相互作用图报告了 1.30 Gb 高质量的E. senticosus基因组组装草图（contig N50 = 309.43 kb）。我们发现转座因子占基因组的 72.82%，总共预测了 36,372 个蛋白质编码基因。E. senticosus 的比较分析，三七和胡萝卜基因组揭示了五加科中 Tekay 染色体病毒元件在与伞形科分化后爆发性扩增。我们还发现E. senticosus经历了一个谱系特定的全基因组复制事件 Es-α 和一个全基因组复制事件五加科-β，这可能是所有五加科物种共有的。尽管E. senticosus基因组的再二倍体化很明显，但通路分析表明，这两个全基因组复制事件可能有助于E. senticosus适应寒冷环境。综上所述，E. senticosus的高质量基因组组装 为未来五加科进化研究提供了宝贵的基因组资源。