Harsh winters reduce utilitarian cycling in many cities. Using an online survey, we examined how increasing rolling resistance due to snow and ice affect people’s cycling willingness. The respondents (N = 1318) reported their willingness to cycle on various winter cycling conditions presented in photos. The answers were compared to the rolling resistance levels on the presented conditions, measured in a previous study. Respondents’ cycling willingness dropped from 91.2% at very low to 18.3% at very high rolling resistances. The cyclist’s age, gender, local climate, winter cycling experience and studded tire use affected the cycling willingness significantly. Electric bike usage did not affect cycling willingness. “Summer-only” cyclists did not cycle during the winter due to low temperatures (29%), lacked feeling of safety (27%), bicycle wear (17%), increased travel time (17%) and increased physical effort (10%). Hence, lower rolling resistance and increased use of studded tires can increase the cycling frequency of existing winter cyclists. To recruit new winter cyclists, the surface conditions should not only offer a low rolling resistance but should also be perceived as safe and comfortable.

中文翻译：

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滚动阻力对人们冬季骑车意愿的影响

严酷的冬季减少了许多城市的实用自行车运动。通过在线调查，我们研究了由于雪和冰而增加的滚动阻力如何影响人们的骑车意愿。受访者（N = 1318）在照片中表示了他们愿意在各种冬季骑行条件下骑车的意愿。将答案与在先前研究中测得的提出条件下的滚动阻力水平进行比较。受访者的骑车意愿从极低的91.2％降至极高的滚动阻力下的18.3％。骑车人的年龄，性别，当地气候，冬季骑车经历以及镶钉轮胎的使用显着影响了骑车意愿。电动自行车的使用并没有影响骑自行车的意愿。“仅限夏季”的自行车手由于冬季（29％），缺乏安全感（27％），自行车磨损（17％）而在冬季没有骑自行车，增加旅行时间（17％）和增加体力（10％）。因此，较低的滚动阻力和增加带钉轮胎的使用会增加现有冬季骑自行车的人的骑行频率。为了招募新的冬季骑自行车者，其表面条件不仅应提供较低的滚动阻力，而且应被视为安全舒适。