The increasing uptake of distributed energy resources (DER) is displacing the dispatchable generators responsible for providing frequency response in our power system. To compensate for the withdrawal of such generators, the market participation of DER fleets through aggregators has been suggested in the literature. Unfortunately, these works are either limited to price-taking aggregators or neglect the distribution network. The first limitation leads to inelastic bids which do not reflect DER flexibility, while the second results in bids that do not lie within the network boundaries. To mitigate these challenges, we propose a price-elastic aggregator bidding approach together with a network conforming layer. Our approach enables aggregators to offer a range of network-secure bid bands for different prices. To preserve the independent role of each stakeholder and share the computational burden, we decompose the problem into aggregator and network subproblems, solved sequentially. Moreover, we confer aggregators the possibility to provide reactive power support to enable the network to accept greater throughput. Finally, since our approach ensures network feasibility prior to bids reaching the market, it minimizes the disruption to existing wholesale market structures. Our results on a 141-bus network shows 19% higher benefits for aggregators, compared to the inelastic bidding approach.

中文翻译：

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能源和储备市场中网络安全和价格弹性的聚集器招标

分布式能源（DER）的吸收不断增加，正在取代负责在我们的电力系统中提供频率响应的可调度发电机。为了补偿此类发电机的撤出，文献中提出了DER机组通过聚合器的市场参与。不幸的是，这些作品要么局限于价格收集商，要么忽视了分销网络。第一个限制导致无法反映DER灵活性的无弹性出价，而第二个限制则导致出价不在网络边界之内。为了缓解这些挑战，我们提出了一种价格弹性的聚合器出价方法以及网络整合层。我们的方法使聚合商能够以不同的价格提供一系列网络安全的出价范围。为了保留每个利益相关者的独立角色并分担计算负担，我们将问题分解为聚合器和网络子问题，并按顺序解决。此外，我们为聚合商提供了提供无功功率支持的可能性，以使网络能够接受更大的吞吐量。最后，由于我们的方法可确保在投标到达市场之前网络的可行性，因此可将对现有批发市场结构的破坏最小化。我们在141总线网络上的结果显示，与非弹性投标方法相比，聚合器的收益提高了19％。最后，由于我们的方法可确保在投标到达市场之前网络的可行性，因此可将对现有批发市场结构的破坏最小化。我们在141总线网络上的结果显示，与非弹性投标方法相比，聚合器的收益提高了19％。最后，由于我们的方法可确保在投标到达市场之前网络的可行性，因此可将对现有批发市场结构的破坏最小化。我们在141总线网络上的结果显示，与非弹性投标方法相比，聚合器的收益提高了19％。