The Gram-negative bacterial cell envelope is a complex structure and its homeostasis is essential for bacterial survival. Envelope stress responses (ESRs) are signal transduction pathways that monitor the fidelity of envelope assembly during normal growth and also detect and repair envelope damage caused by external assaults, including immune factors, protein toxins, and antibiotics. In this review, we focus on three best-studied ESRs and discuss the mechanisms by which ESRs detect various perturbations of envelope assembly and integrity and regulate envelope remodeling to promote bacterial survival. We will highlight the complex relationship of ESRs with envelope biogenesis pathways and discuss some of the challenges in this field on the road to mapping the global regulatory network of envelope homeostasis.

革兰氏阴性细菌细胞包膜是一种复杂的结构，其稳态对于细菌生存至关重要。包膜应激反应 (ESR) 是一种信号转导途径，可在正常生长过程中监测包膜组装的保真度，并检测和修复由外部攻击引起的包膜损伤，包括免疫因子、蛋白质毒素和抗生素。在这篇综述中，我们重点关注三个研究得最好的 ESR，并讨论 ESR 检测包膜组装和完整性的各种扰动并调节包膜重塑以促进细菌存活的机制。我们将强调 ESR 与包膜生物发生途径的复杂关系，并讨论该领域在绘制全球包膜稳态监管网络的道路上面临的一些挑战。