Compositions representing the Heavenly Liturgy - the liturgy that is presided over by Christ in heaven, of which the earthly liturgy is a reflection - first appear around the beginning of the fourteenth century in the decoration of Byzantine domes. Most scholars argue that such scenes depict an ancient concept, almost as old as liturgical exegesis itself. I contend that this view is based on a flawed reading of liturgical commentaries, of the biblical texts from which the commentaries draw inspiration, and of the Divine Liturgy itself. I argue that the scene of the Heavenly Liturgy represents both an exegetical stream independent of texts and an understanding of the eucharistic liturgy during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries that existed in visual form in tandem with traditional textual interpretations of the rite. The scene, devised by painters and their patrons, therefore constitutes a concurrent exegetical tradition that both derived from the commentaries and deviated from them.

中文翻译：

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在天堂，在人间吗？重新诠释拜占庭艺术中的天堂礼仪

代表天堂礼拜仪式的作品-由基督在天堂主持的礼拜仪式，其中的礼拜仪式是其中的反映-最早出现于十四世纪初，拜占庭圆顶的装饰。大多数学者认为，这样的场景描绘了一个古老的概念，几乎与礼仪释经本身一样古老。我认为，这种观点是基于对礼仪性评论，从中汲取灵感的圣经文本以及神圣礼仪本身的错误理解。我认为，“天堂礼仪”的场景既代表独立于文本的训ex流，又代表对十四和十五世纪以视觉形式与仪式的传统文字解释并存的圣体礼拜仪式的理解。现场，