Vulnerability comes, according to Orio Giarini, with two risks: human-made risks, also called entrepreneurial risks, and natural or pure risks such as accidents and earthquakes. Both types of risk are growing in dimension and are increasingly interrelated. To control the vulnerability, sophisticated insurance products are called for. Here, mutual insurance is relevant, in particular when risks are large, probabilities uncertain or unknown, and events interrelated or correlated. In this paper the following three examples are discussed and the advantages of mutual insurance are shown: unknown probabilities connected with unforeseeable events, correlated risks and macroeconomic or demographic risks.

根据Orio Giarini的说法，存在漏洞有两个风险：人为风险（也称为企业家风险）和自然或纯粹风险（如事故和地震）。两种类型的风险都在不断扩大，并且越来越相互关联。为了控制漏洞，需要使用复杂的保险产品。在这里，相互保险是相关的，特别是在风险很大，概率不确定或未知，事件相互关联或相关的情况下。本文讨论了以下三个示例，并显示了相互保险的优势：与不可预见事件相关的未知概率，相关风险以及宏观经济或人口风险。