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The effect of chemical structure on hydrolysis pathways of small peptides in coastal seawater
Marine Chemistry ( IF 3 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-22 , DOI: 10.1016/j.marchem.2021.103973
Shuting Liu , Zhanfei Liu

The hydrolysis pathway of a given peptide or protein in seawater, or how it is hydrolyzed by extracellular enzymes, may depend on its chemical structure or specific amino acid composition. This knowledge is important for a better understanding of the first steps on decomposition of labile organic matter that is often dominated by proteins. The hydrolysis pathway can be estimated from the hydrolyzed fragments of small peptides through incubation experiments. Here we incubated a group of small peptides with different amino acid compositions in coastal seawater, including tetrapeptides alanine-valine-phenylalanine-alanine (AVFA) and its modifications of the N terminal A with valine (V), serine (S), arginine (R) and aspartic acid (D) (i.e., peptides VVFA, SVFA, RVFA, DVFA). Through these incubations, we evaluated the effect of chemical structure or specific amino acid composition on peptide hydrolysis pathways and the roles of different types of peptidases. Our results showed that aminopeptidases preferentially hydrolyzed tetrapeptides with N terminal A and R (29–100% of the total peptidases), followed by V (30–90%) and S (20–51%), but were ineffective with acidic amino acid D (0–14%). This pattern indicates that the N-terminal amino acid affects how a peptide is hydrolyzed in a given environment. For N-terminal amino acids with uncharged side chains, aminopeptidases preferred hydrophobic A, V to polar uncharged S, and for those with charged side chains, they preferred positively-charged R to negatively-charged D. Our results also suggest that if aminopeptidases could not access the N-terminal amino acid of a peptide, carboxypeptidases and/or endopeptidases will hydrolyze it, leading to similar peptide hydrolysis rates among different peptides although their hydrolysis pathways may differ. The effect of amino acid composition on peptide hydrolysis pathways is further demonstrated by comparing trialanine (AAA), AVF, AVFA, VFA, phenylalanine-alanine-serine-tryptophan-glycine-alanine (FASWGA) and SWGA. Overall, results from this study show that the chemical structure of a peptide affects its hydrolysis pathway in coastal seawater, and shed new lights on the early steps of organic nitrogen degradation and further nitrogen cycling in marine environments.



中文翻译:

化学结构对沿海海水中小肽水解途径的影响

给定肽或蛋白质在海水中的水解途径,或如何被细胞外酶水解,可能取决于其化学结构或特定的氨基酸组成。该知识对于更好地理解通常由蛋白质控制的不稳定有机物分解的第一步非常重要。可以通过温育实验从小肽的水解片段估计水解途径。在这里,我们在沿海海水中孵育了一组具有不同氨基酸组成的小肽,包括四肽丙氨酸-缬氨酸-苯丙氨酸-丙氨酸(AVFA)及其对缬氨酸N端A的修饰(V),丝氨酸(S),精氨酸(R)和天冬氨酸(D)(即肽VVFA,SVFA,RVFA,DVFA)。通过这些温育,我们评估了化学结构或特定氨基酸组成对肽水解途径的影响以及不同类型肽酶的作用。我们的结果表明,氨基肽酶优先水解具有N末端A和R(占总肽酶的29-100%),其次是V(30-90%)和S(20-51%)的四肽,但对酸性氨基酸无效D(0–14%)。此模式表明N末端氨基酸会影响肽在给定环境中的水解方式。对于具有不带电荷侧链的N末端氨基酸,氨基肽酶比疏水性不带电荷的S更优选疏水性A,V,对于带电荷的侧链的氨基酸而言,较带负电荷的D更优选带正电荷的R。我们的研究结果还表明,如果氨基肽酶无法接近肽段的N末端氨基酸,则羧肽酶和/或内肽酶会水解该肽段,尽管它们的水解途径可能不同,但导致不同肽段之间的肽段水解速率相似。通过比较三氢嘌呤(AAA),AVF,AVFA,VFA,苯丙氨酸-丙氨酸-丝氨酸-色氨酸-甘氨酸-丙氨酸(FASWGA)和SWGA,进一步证明了氨基酸组成对肽水解途径的影响。总体而言,这项研究的结果表明,一种肽的化学结构会影响其在沿海海水中的水解途径,并为有机氮降解的早期步骤和海洋环境中进一步的氮循环提供了新的思路。羧肽酶和/或内肽酶会水解它,尽管它们的水解途径可能不同,但在不同的肽中会导致相似的肽水解速率。通过比较三氢嘌呤(AAA),AVF,AVFA,VFA,苯丙氨酸-丙氨酸-丝氨酸-色氨酸-甘氨酸-丙氨酸(FASWGA)和SWGA,进一步证明了氨基酸组成对肽水解途径的影响。总体而言,这项研究的结果表明,一种肽的化学结构会影响其在沿海海水中的水解途径,并为有机氮降解的早期步骤和海洋环境中进一步的氮循环提供了新的思路。羧肽酶和/或内肽酶会水解它,尽管它们的水解途径可能不同,但在不同的肽中会导致相似的肽水解速率。通过比较三氢嘌呤(AAA),AVF,AVFA,VFA,苯丙氨酸-丙氨酸-丝氨酸-色氨酸-甘氨酸-丙氨酸(FASWGA)和SWGA,进一步证明了氨基酸组成对肽水解途径的影响。总体而言,这项研究的结果表明,一种肽的化学结构会影响其在沿海海水中的水解途径,并为有机氮降解的早期步骤和海洋环境中进一步的氮循环提供了新的思路。通过比较三氢嘌呤(AAA),AVF,AVFA,VFA,苯丙氨酸-丙氨酸-丝氨酸-色氨酸-甘氨酸-丙氨酸(FASWGA)和SWGA,进一步证明了氨基酸组成对肽水解途径的影响。总体而言,这项研究的结果表明,一种肽的化学结构会影响其在沿海海水中的水解途径,并为有机氮降解的早期步骤和海洋环境中进一步的氮循环提供了新的思路。通过比较三氢嘌呤(AAA),AVF,AVFA,VFA,苯丙氨酸-丙氨酸-丝氨酸-色氨酸-甘氨酸-丙氨酸(FASWGA)和SWGA,进一步证明了氨基酸组成对肽水解途径的影响。总体而言,这项研究的结果表明,一种肽的化学结构会影响其在沿海海水中的水解途径,并为有机氮降解的早期步骤和海洋环境中进一步的氮循环提供了新的思路。

更新日期:2021-04-30
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