Abstract—

Problems associated with the development of heat-supply systems for large- and medium-size cities in Russia are analyzed. To this end, the approved heat-supply schemes of almost forty cities are reviewed and briefly analyzed taking into account their key territorial features. The main features of heat-supply systems for cities are analyzed, including the state of heat networks, excess capacities of sources, parameters of combined heat and power plants operating in the forced generation mode, and also the possibilities of using secondary and renewable energy sources for heat generation. The specific indicators characterizing heat consumption are calculated with taking into account, among other factors, the heating season degree days. The dependences of specific fuel consumption and energy generation efficiency on the climatic parameters, population density, and other factors are considered. For estimating the potential efficiency improvement reserves, consolidated data on the total installed capacity and heat-supply modes in cities are given. The aim of the study was to reveal the key problems and main trends associated with the development of heat-supply systems for cities. Large- and medium-size cities of Russia were distributed into a few typological groups, and their analysis has shown similarity of the problems occurring in them along with possible sets of typical measures and methods for solving them. The effectiveness of heat-supply systems as a whole for some cities depending on the population density and number and in different climatic zones is estimated. It is found that the obtained indicators characterizing the resulting efficiency of heat-supply systems are not directly linked with the fraction of industrial load, population density, and climate. In elaborating the heat-supply schemes, it is proposed to use the energy and environmental effectiveness indicators for revealing the key reserves for sustainable development of the most important life-support infrastructures of cities in Russia’s different climatic zones.

中文翻译：

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俄罗斯城市供热系统发展中的问题和趋势分析

摘要-

分析了与俄罗斯大中型城市供热系统发展有关的问题。为此，对近40个城市的核准供热方案进行了审查，并结合其关键地域特征进行了简要分析。分析了城市供热系统的主要特征，包括热网络的状态，热源的过剩容量，以强制发电方式运行的热电厂的组合参数，以及使用二次能源和可再生能源的可能性产生热量。除其他因素外，计算出表征热量消耗的具体指标时还应考虑供暖季节天数。比燃料消耗和能量产生效率对气候参数的依赖性，考虑人口密度和其他因素。为了估算潜在的效率改善储备，给出了城市总装机容量和供热模式的综合数据。该研究的目的是揭示与城市供热系统发展相关的关键问题和主要趋势。俄罗斯的大中型城市被分为几个类型分类，他们的分析显示了它们中发生的问题的相似性，以及解决这些问题的可能的典型方法和方法。根据人口密度和数量以及不同气候带，对某些城市的供热系统整体的有效性进行了估算。发现获得的表征供热系统效率的指标与工业负荷，人口密度和气候的比例没有直接联系。在制定供热方案时，建议使用能源和环境有效性指标来揭示俄罗斯不同气候带城市最重要的生命支持基础设施的可持续发展关键储备。