Plastic debris at micro- and nanoscales has been detected in widespread aquatic environments. Accordingly, microplastics primarily pose serious threats to freshwater ecosystems, causing physical and histophysiological damage similar to that in marine environments. The sources, fates, and toxicities of microplastics in freshwater ecosystems are detailed in this review. Additionally, microplastics serve as vehicles, and therefore, the action modes of the combined toxicity of microplastics with other pollutants in biota are discussed in freshwater environments. Finally, the knowledge gaps regarding microplastics that exist between laboratory and realistic environmental studies, such as the sizes, shapes, colors, “ages,” and types of microplastics, are identified for extrapolating laboratory findings to natural aquatic ecosystems. To establish management strategies and assess the environmental risks of MPs in freshwater systems, the sources, fates, and toxicities of microplastics in freshwater environments, particularly in drinking water source areas, should be considered seriously and require future in-depth investigation.

在广泛的水生环境中已检测到微米级和纳米级的塑料碎片。因此，微塑料主要对淡水生态系统构成严重威胁，造成类似于海洋环境的物理和组织生理损害。这篇综述详细介绍了淡水生态系统中微塑料的来源，命运和毒性。另外，微塑料充当媒介，因此，在淡水环境中讨论了微塑料与生物群中其他污染物的联合毒性作用模式。最后，确定了实验室和现实环境研究之间存在的关于微塑料的知识差距，例如微塑料的大小，形状，颜色，“年龄”和类型，以将实验室发现推算到自然水生生态系统中。