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Opportunities for Interaction
Human Nature ( IF 2.750 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-21 , DOI: 10.1007/s12110-021-09393-w
Tanya Broesch 1 , Patrick L Carolan 1, 2 , Senay Cebioğlu 1, 3 , Chris von Rueden 4 , Adam Boyette 3 , Cristina Moya 5, 6 , Barry Hewlett 7 , Michelle A Kline 1, 6
Affiliation  

We examine the opportunities children have for interacting with others and the extent to which they are the focus of others’ visual attention in five societies where extended family communities are the norm. We compiled six video-recorded datasets (two from one society) collected by a team of anthropologists and psychologists conducting long-term research in each society. The six datasets include video observations of children among the Yasawas (Fiji), Tanna (Vanuatu), Tsimane (Bolivia), Huatasani (Peru), and Aka (infants and children 4–12 years old; Central African Republic). Each dataset consists of a series of videos of children ranging in age from 2 months to 12 years in their everyday contexts. We coded 998 videos and identified with whom children had opportunities to interact (male and female adults and children) as well as the number of individuals and the proportion of observed time that children spent with these individuals. We also examined the proportion of time children received direct visual gaze (indicating attention to the child). Our results indicate that children less than 5 years old spend the majority of their observed time in the presence of one female adult. This is the case across the five societies. In the three societies from which we have older children (Aka, Yasawa, Peru), we find a clear shift around 5 years of age, with children spending the majority of their time with other children. We also coded the presence or absence of a primary caregiver and found that caregivers remained within 2 ft of target children until 7 years of age. When they were in the company of a primary caregiver, children older than seven spent the majority of their time more than 2 ft from the caregiver. We found a consistent trend across societies with decreasing focal attention on the child with increasing child age. These findings show (1) remarkable consistency across these societies in children’s interaction opportunities and (2) that a developmental approach is needed to fully understand human development because the social context is dynamic across the lifespan. These data can serve as a springboard for future research examining social development in everyday contexts.



中文翻译:

互动机会

我们研究了儿童与他人互动的机会以及他们在五个以大家庭社区为常态的社会中成为他人视觉关注焦点的程度。我们汇编了由在每个社会进行长期研究的人类学家和心理学家团队收集的六个视频记录数据集(两个来自一个社会)。这六个数据集包括对 Yasawas(斐济)、Tanna(瓦努阿图)、Tsimane(玻利维亚)、Huatasani(秘鲁)和 Aka(4-12 岁婴儿和儿童;中非共和国)中儿童的视频观察。每个数据集都包含一系列儿童的视频,这些儿童的年龄从 2 个月到 12 岁不等,在他们的日常环境中。我们对 998 个视频进行了编码,并确定了儿童有机会与哪些人互动(男性和女性成人和儿童),以及儿童与这些人相处的人数和观察到的时间比例。我们还检查了儿童接受直接视觉凝视(表明对儿童的关注)的时间比例。我们的结果表明,不到 5 岁的儿童在观察到的大部分时间里都在一位女性成人的陪伴下度过。这在五个社会中都是如此。在我们有较大孩子的三个社会(阿卡、亚萨瓦、秘鲁)中,我们发现在 5 岁左右发生了明显的转变,孩子的大部分时间都与其他孩子在一起。我们还对主要照顾者的存在与否进行了编码,发现照顾者在 7 岁之前与目标儿童保持在 2 英尺的范围内。当他们与主要看护人在一起时,7 岁以上的儿童大部分时间都与看护人保持 2 英尺以上的距离。我们发现,随着儿童年龄的增长,人们对儿童的关注逐渐减少,这在整个社会中呈现出一致的趋势。这些发现表明 (1) 这些社会在儿童互动机会方面具有显着的一致性;(2) 需要一种发展方法来充分了解人类发展,因为社会环境在整个生命周期中都是动态的。这些数据可以作为未来研究的跳板,以检查日常环境中的社会发展。7 岁以上的儿童大部分时间都在远离看护者 2 英尺的地方。我们发现,随着儿童年龄的增长,人们对儿童的关注逐渐减少,这在整个社会中呈现出一致的趋势。这些发现表明 (1) 这些社会在儿童互动机会方面具有显着的一致性;(2) 需要一种发展方法来充分了解人类发展,因为社会环境在整个生命周期中都是动态的。这些数据可以作为未来研究的跳板,以检查日常环境中的社会发展。7 岁以上的儿童大部分时间都在远离看护者 2 英尺的地方。我们发现,随着儿童年龄的增长,人们对儿童的关注逐渐减少,这在整个社会中呈现出一致的趋势。这些发现表明 (1) 这些社会在儿童互动机会方面具有显着的一致性;(2) 需要一种发展方法来充分了解人类发展,因为社会环境在整个生命周期中都是动态的。这些数据可以作为未来研究的跳板,以检查日常环境中的社会发展。这些发现表明 (1) 这些社会在儿童互动机会方面具有显着的一致性;(2) 需要一种发展方法来充分了解人类发展,因为社会环境在整个生命周期中都是动态的。这些数据可以作为未来研究的跳板,以检查日常环境中的社会发展。这些发现表明 (1) 这些社会在儿童互动机会方面具有显着的一致性;(2) 需要一种发展方法来充分了解人类发展,因为社会环境在整个生命周期中都是动态的。这些数据可以作为未来研究的跳板,以检查日常环境中的社会发展。

更新日期:2021-04-21
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