The article presents an overview of the status, challenges, and prospects of current and emerging trends for the sustainable treatment and valorisation technologies of plastic wastes. The proliferation is ascribed to the growing population, living standards, and use of low cost, unbiodegradable, and chemically resistant plastic wastes in Nigeria. This scenario is exacerbated by the lack of comprehensive strategies for the collection, transport, segregation, and management of plastic wastes. Currently, plastic wastes treatment is accomplished by open-air burning, dumping, and landfilling. More advanced technologies, such as thermal (incineration, gasification), chemical (catalytic cracking and selective dissolution), and biological (microbial degradation) methods, are also utilized for treatment and valorisation. However, these high-cost, obsolete, and inefficient technologies result in GHG emissions, toxic fumes, toxins and leachates. Hence, novel technologies for the reuse, recycling, reduction, and valorisation of plastic wastes must emphasize energy, materials, and resource recovery. The article proposes the upcycling of plastic wastes into carbon nanomaterials (carbon microspheres, carbon nanofibers (CNFs), graphene flakes, carbon nanotubes), polymeric composite materials (wood-polyethylene composites, wood-fiber-reinforced plastics), biocrude/bio-oil, fuels, chemicals, and char through solvent/solvothermal treatment and plasma conversion. Solvent/solvothermal treatment can effectively treat and upcycle plastic wastes along with the removal of toxic, recalcitrant and bio-accumulative pollutants such as brominated flame retardants and organophosphorus flame retardants. However, the study identified numerous challenges that currently hamper plastic wastes disposal, management, and valorisation. Hence, sustainable and socially friendly approaches for plastic waste management and valorisation are required to address their short- and long-term impacts on human health, safety and the environment in Nigeria.

中文翻译：

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尼日利亚塑料废物可持续处理和增值技术的新兴趋势：简要回顾

本文概述了塑料废物可持续处理和增值技术的当前和新兴趋势的现状、挑战和前景。扩散归因于尼日利亚不断增长的人口、生活水平以及低成本、不可生物降解和耐化学性塑料废物的使用。由于缺乏收集、运输、隔离和管理塑料废物的综合战略，这种情况更加严重。目前，塑料废物处理主要通过露天焚烧、倾倒和填埋来完成。更先进的技术，如热（焚烧、气化）、化学（催化裂化和选择性溶解）和生物（微生物降解）方法，也被用于处理和增值。然而，这些高成本、过时、低效的技术会导致温室气体排放、有毒烟雾、毒素和渗滤液。因此，用于塑料废物再利用、回收、减少和增值的新技术必须强调能源、材料和资源的回收。文章提出将塑料废料升级为碳纳米材料（碳微球、碳纳米纤维 (CNF)、石墨烯薄片、碳纳米管）、聚合物复合材料（木聚乙烯复合材料、木纤维增强塑料）、生物原油/生物油、燃料、化学品和焦炭，通过溶剂/溶剂热处理和等离子体转化。溶剂/溶剂热处理可以有效地处理和升级回收塑料废物，同时去除有毒、顽固和生物累积性污染物，如溴化阻燃剂和有机磷阻燃剂。然而，该研究确定了目前阻碍塑料废物处置、管理和增值的众多挑战。因此，需要针对塑料废物管理和增值采取可持续和社会友好的方法，以解决其对尼日利亚人类健康、安全和环境的短期和长期影响。