1. Growing bioeconomy is increasing the pressure to clear-cut drained peatland forests. Yet, the cumulative effects of peatland drainage and clear-cutting on the biodiversity of recipient freshwater ecosystems are largely unknown.
2. We studied the isolated and combined effects of peatland drainage and clear-cutting on stream macroinvertebrate communities. We further explored whether the impact of these forestry-driven catchment alterations to benthic invertebrates is related to stream size. We quantified the impact on invertebrate biodiversity by comparing communities in forestry-impacted streams to expected communities modelled with a multi-taxon niche model.
3. The impact of clear-cutting of drained peatland forests exceeded the sum of the independent effects of drainage and clear-cutting, indicating a synergistic interaction between the two disturbances in small streams. Peatland drainage reduced benthic biodiversity in both small and large streams, whereas clear-cutting did the same only in small streams. Small headwater streams were more sensitive to forestry impacts than the larger downstream sites.
4. We found 11 taxa (out of 25 modelled) to respond to forestry disturbances. These taxa were mainly different from those previously reported as sensitive to forestry-driven alterations, indicating the context dependence of taxonomic responses to forestry. In contrast, most of the functional traits previously identified as responsive to agricultural sedimentation also responded to forestry pressures. In particular, taxa that live temporarily in hyporheic habitats, move by crawling, disperse actively in water, live longer than 1 year, use eggs as resistance form and obtain their food by scraping became less abundant than expected, particularly in streams impacted by both drainage and clear-cutting.
5. Synthesis and applications. Drained peatland forests in boreal areas are reaching maturity and will soon be harvested. Clear-cutting of these forests incurs multiple environmental hazards but previous studies have focused on terrestrial ecosystems. Our results show that the combined impacts of peatland drainage and clear-cutting may extend across ecosystem boundaries and cause significant biodiversity loss in recipient freshwater ecosystems. This information supports a paradigm shift in boreal forest management, whereby continuous-cover forestry based on partial harvest may provide the most sustainable approach to peatland forestry.

中文翻译：

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绿色生物经济的蓝色后果：明伐加剧了土地排水对河流无脊椎动物生物多样性的有害影响

1. 不断增长的生物经济正在增加对砍伐排水泥炭地森林的压力。然而，泥炭地排水和砍伐对接收淡水生态系统生物多样性的累积影响在很大程度上是未知的。
2. 我们研究了泥炭地排水和砍伐对河流大型无脊椎动物群落的孤立和综合影响。我们进一步探讨了这些林业驱动的集水区改建对底栖无脊椎动物的影响是否与河流大小有关。我们通过将受林业影响的溪流中的群落与使用多分类群生态位模型建模的预期群落进行比较来量化对无脊椎动物生物多样性的影响。
3. 排水泥炭地森林砍伐的影响超过了排水和砍伐独立影响的总和，表明小溪中两种干扰之间存在协同相互作用。泥炭地排水减少了小溪和大溪的底栖生物多样性，而清除仅在小溪中也有同样的作用。与较大的下游地点相比，小型源头溪流对林业影响更为敏感。
4. 我们发现了 11 个分类群（在 25 个建模中）来应对林业干扰。这些分类群主要不同于先前报告的对林业驱动的变化敏感的分类群，表明分类响应对林业的背景依赖性。相比之下，以前确定的对农业沉积有反应的大多数功能特征也对林业压力作出反应。特别是，暂时生活在潜流栖息地、通过爬行移动、在水中积极散布、寿命超过 1 年、以卵为抵抗形式并通过刮取食物的分类群变得比预期的要少，特别是在受到两个排水系统影响的溪流中和清晰。
5. 合成与应用。北方地区的排水泥炭地森林正在成熟，很快就会被采伐。砍伐这些森林会带来多种环境危害，但之前的研究都集中在陆地生态系统上。我们的研究结果表明，泥炭地排水和砍伐的综合影响可能会跨越生态系统边界，并导致接收淡水生态系统的生物多样性显着丧失。该信息支持北方森林管理的范式转变，即基于部分采伐的连续覆盖林业可能为泥炭地林业提供最可持续的方法。